Maternal physiologic adaptations to early human pregnancy

A Longitudinal Study of the Maternal Cardiovascular Adaptation to Spontaneous and Assisted Conception Pregnancies

“…The fall in the SVR may be responsible for the fall in BP during pregnancy demonstrated by others (4,26,27). Our findings of higher mean BP at 10 weeks gestation in the OD singleton pregnancies when compared to spontaneous singleton pregnancies is consistent with the fact that oocyte donation pregnancies are associated with an increased risk of gestational hypertension in comparison with the normal population (28,29,30).…”

“…In many studies a control group was used, but this precludes a longitudinal study that has the advantage of showing the intra-individual changes in details. Most of the longitudinal studies have assumed postpartum values or measurements in early pregnancy to be representative of those before pregnancy (4,26,37,38,39). However, taking results obtained after delivery as the non-pregnant level does not accurately reflect the effect of pregnancy as pregnancy-associated hemodynamic changes may persist for up to 24 months after delivery (40).…”

Guidelines of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists for exercise during pregnancy and the postpartum period

“…Pregnant women use carbohydrates at a greater rate both at rest and during exercise than do non-pregnant women. 15 16 It also appears that, during non-weight bearing exercise in pregnancy, there is preferential use of carbohydrates, possibly the result of the anaerobic component of this type of activity. 17 …”

Cardiac Diastolic Evaluation in Pregnant Women with Abnormal Glucose Tolerance: An Opportunity to Detect the Early and Subclinical Alterations and Prevent Cardiovascular Diseases

“…The information provided by using transmitral annular tissue doppler data is useful in the assessment of diastolic dysfunction diagnosis. Pregnancy causes physiological hemodynamic adaptations since the first trimester [23] because total vascular resistance decreases, blood volume overloads, and heart rate and blood pressure can be decreased. All these changes contribute to influence mitral inflow indices and other Doppler diastolic parameters [24].…”