Maternal microchimerism leads to the presence of interleukin-2 in interleukin-2 knock out mice: Implications for the role of interleukin-2 in thymic function

Wrenshall, Lucile E.; Stevens, Elliot T.; Smith, Deandra R.; Miller, John D.

doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.04.002

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Interferon gamma was produced when peripheral blood from myositis patients was enriched for maternal cells and then stimulated with the patient’s cells [20]. In experimental studies, maternal Mc resulted in production of IL-2 in Il2 knockout mice [21]. Most lymph nodes of 2 nd trimester fetuses contained maternal Mc and when lymph node cultures were depleted of T regulatory cells (Treg) , fetal T cell response to maternal cells increased significantly, indicating fetal Treg-mediated suppression of anti-maternal T cell responses [22].…”

Section: Naturally Acquired Microchimerism Is Common Present Within mentioning

confidence: 99%

The otherness of self: microchimerism in health and disease

Nelson

2012

Trends in Immunology

153

175

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Microchimerism (Mc) refers to the harboring of a small amount of cells (or DNA) that originated in a different individual. Naturally acquired Mc derives primarily from maternal cells in her progeny, or cells of fetal origin in women. Both maternal and fetal Mc are detected in hematopoietic cells including T and B cells, monocyte/macrophages, NK cells and granulocytes. Mc appears also to generate cells such as myocytes, hepatocytes, islet cells and neurons. Here we examine the detrimental as well as beneficial potential of Mc. The prevalence, diversity and durability of naturally acquired Mc indicates that a shift is needed from the conventional paradigm of “self versus other” to a view of the normal “self” as constitutively chimeric.

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Section: Naturally Acquired Microchimerism Is Common Present Within mentioning

confidence: 99%

The otherness of self: microchimerism in health and disease

Nelson

2012

Trends in Immunology

153

175

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“…Attempts to create such a model have been confounded by acquisition by the IL-2 knockout fetus of maternal IL-2 expressing cells. These offspring develop chimerism for IL-2 knockout cells and IL-2 expressing cells, resulting in detectable IL-2 that prevents any abnormalities in development and precludes evaluation of the knockout phenotype (Wrenshall et al 2007). …”

Section: Maternal Microchimerismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Naturally acquired microchimerism

2010

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Bi-directional transplacental trafficking occurs routinely during the course of normal pregnancy, from fetus to mother and from mother to fetus. In addition to a variety of cell-free substances, it is now well recognized that some cells are also exchanged. Microchimerism refers to a small number of cells (or DNA) harbored by one individual that originated in a genetically different individual. While microchimerism can be the result of iatrogenic interventions such as transplantation or transfusion, by far the most common source is naturally acquired microchimerism from maternal-fetal trafficking during pregnancy. Microchimerism is a subject of much current interest for a number of reasons. During pregnancy, fetal microchimerism can be sought from the mother's blood for the purpose of prenatal diagnosis. Moreover, studies of fetal microchimerism during pregnancy may offer insight into complications of pregnancy, such as preeclampsia, as well as insights into the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis which usually ameliorates during pregnancy. Furthermore, it is now known that microchimerism persists decades later, both fetal microchimerism in women who have been pregnant and maternal microchimerism in her progeny. Investigation of the long-term consequences of fetal and maternal microchimerism is another exciting frontier of active study, with initial results pointing both to adverse and beneficial effects. This review will provide an overview of microchimerism during pregnancy and of current knowledge regarding long-term effects of naturally acquired fetal and maternal microchimerism.

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“…It has been hypothesized that MMc convey health consequences for the offspring. Evidence published to date suggests advantageous effects, such as the promotion of immune tolerance and the correction of shortcomings of the offspring’s immune system 5 – 10 . For example, in mouse offspring genetically deficient for distinct immune markers, MMc have been described to substitute this shortage, e.g., by secreting IgG in B-cell-deficient 7 or IL-2 in IL-2-deficient offspring 10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vertically transferred maternal immune cells promote neonatal immunity against early life infections

et al. 2021

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During mammalian pregnancy, immune cells are vertically transferred from mother to fetus. The functional role of these maternal microchimeric cells (MMc) in the offspring is mostly unknown. Here we show a mouse model in which MMc numbers are either normal or low, which enables functional assessment of MMc. We report a functional role of MMc in promoting fetal immune development. MMc induces preferential differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells in fetal bone marrow towards monocytes within the myeloid compartment. Neonatal mice with higher numbers of MMc and monocytes show enhanced resilience against cytomegalovirus infection. Similarly, higher numbers of MMc in human cord blood are linked to a lower number of respiratory infections during the first year of life. Our data highlight the importance of MMc in promoting fetal immune development, potentially averting the threats caused by early life exposure to pathogens.

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Maternal microchimerism leads to the presence of interleukin-2 in interleukin-2 knock out mice: Implications for the role of interleukin-2 in thymic function

Cited by 17 publications

References 44 publications

The otherness of self: microchimerism in health and disease

The otherness of self: microchimerism in health and disease

Naturally acquired microchimerism

Vertically transferred maternal immune cells promote neonatal immunity against early life infections

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