Maternal hypothyroxinaemia during early pregnancy and subsequent child development: a 3‐year follow‐up study

Pop, Victor J M; Brouwers, Evelien P. M.; Vader, Huib L.; Vulsma, Thomas; Baar, Anneloes L. van; Vijlder, J J de

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.2003.01822.x

Cited by 660 publications

(479 citation statements)

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“…The effect of reduced thyroid function on fetal development appears to be the most severe during the first trimester of pregnancy (Kooistra et al, 2006;Morreal de Escobar et al, 2007). Even relatively modest reductions in thyroid hormone levels in early pregnancy may be associated with adverse effects on fetal nervous system (Pop et al, 1999(Pop et al, , 2003Kooistra et al, 2006). For these reasons, this analysis focuses on estimating the contribution of drinking water to total perchlorate exposures received by reproductive-age women in the United States (18-45 years old), likely the most sensitive demographic group for which exposure data are available.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drinking water contribution to aggregate perchlorate intake of reproductive-age women in the United States estimated by dietary intake simulation and analysis of urinary excretion data

Méndez

Dederick

Cohen

2009

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Estimates of perchlorate intake by the US population can be derived from either urinary excretion data or through simulation of dietary intake. Estimates from surveys of urinary excretion (NHANES) are subject to substantial uncertainty owing to the small numbers of subjects for which data are currently available. In addition, current excretion estimates are derived from ''spot'' urine samples and include a component of short-term (intra-day) variability that may give biased estimates of the variability in average daily intakes. Previous dietary estimates have generally not included any contribution from drinking water, owing to a lack of data related to perchlorate concentrations in water supplies. In this paper, we derive simulation (Monte Carlo) estimates of dietary perchlorate intake distributions for reproductive-age women, which include explicit contributions from drinking water, and compare them to estimates based on urinary excretion. Perchlorate concentrations in water were estimated based on measurements from the US Environmental Protection Agency's UCMR1 database, and from other regional studies of perchlorate contamination. We find that including the drinking water contributions in the dietary simulations yields increases in the population's geometric mean perchlorate intake of 3-8 percent, with a conservative maximum of about 24 percent, compared to intakes estimated based on food intake alone. The intake distributions estimated from dietary and water consumption were found to be very similar to estimates based on creatinine-adjusted perchlorate excretion data from the NHANES, except for having lower population variability. When the dietary simulation data were adjusted to include a contribution from short-term variability similar to that in the ''spot'' urine samples, the variability in the NHANES and diet-derived estimates were found to be very similar. Our analyses indicate that a reasonable upper-bound estimate for the 95th percentile perchlorate intake among women of reproductive age in the US is on the order of 1.5 Â 10 À4 mg/kg/day.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drinking water contribution to aggregate perchlorate intake of reproductive-age women in the United States estimated by dietary intake simulation and analysis of urinary excretion data

Méndez

Dederick

Cohen

2009

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…[22][23][24] In humans, consequences of maternal thyroid hormone deficiency depend on the level of the deficiency and their specific developmental timing (reviewed in Zoeller and Rovet 25 ). Similarly, in the rat, maternal thyroid hormones play a role in fetal thyroid economy, and prenatal thyroid hormone insufficiency affects adult behavior leading to learning deficits and hyperactivity.…”

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confidence: 99%

Behavioral deficits associated with fetal alcohol exposure are reversed by prenatal thyroid hormone treatment: a role for maternal thyroid hormone deficiency in FAE

et al. 2005

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Children prenatally exposed to alcohol typically exhibit behavioral abnormalities, including hyperactivity, learning deficits, and an increased prevalence of depression. Similar impairments are found in children of hypothyroid mothers, and we have shown that alcohol-consuming rat dams have suppressed hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) function. Therefore, we hypothesized that suppressed maternal thyroid hormonal milieu may contribute to the deleterious consequences of prenatal alcohol exposure. We aimed first to confirm and then to reverse the behavioral deficits in the fetal alcohol exposed (FAE) rat offspring by administration of thyroxine (T4) to the alcohol-consuming dams. Adult offspring prenatally exposed to ethanol (FAE; 35% ethanol-derived calories), pair-fed (PF) or control (C) diets were tested in the Morris water maze (MWM), the forced swim test (FST), and the open field test (OFT) to assess spatial learning, depressive behavior, and exploratory behavior/anxiety, respectively. Adult FAE offspring took longer to locate a hidden platform in the MWM and showed increased depressive behavior in the FST both of which were reversed by administration of T4 to the alcohol-consuming mother. We found sex and brain regionspecific alterations in expression of genes involved in these behaviors in FAE adult offspring. Specifically, decreased hippocampal GAP-43 mRNA levels in adult FAE females and decreased glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression in the amygdala of male and female FAE offspring were observed. The decreased mRNA levels of GAP-43 and GR were normalized by T4 treatment to the alcohol-consuming mother. Our results suggest that the suppressed HPT function of the alcohol-consuming mother contributes to the behavioral and cognitive dysfunctions observed in the offspring. Prenatal alcohol exposure has long-term developmental consequences, 1-3 and in humans alcohol is recognized as a teratogen leading to long-lasting CNS dysfunctions. 4 Specifically, patients with fetal alcohol exposure (FAE) have marked cognitive deficits, including difficulty focusing and sustaining attention, 5 and place learning deficits in a virtual Morris water task. 6 Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is frequently diagnosed in FAE children. These neurocognitive and behavioral characteristics differ between FAE children and those with a primary diagnosis of ADHD, as FAE children have difficulties primarily in the encoding and retrieval of information. 7 A significantly increased prevalence of depression is also found in children 8 and adults 9 prenatally exposed to alcohol. It is important to note that, in contrast to the higher female prevalence of depressive disorders in the general population, the rate of depression found in adults with prenatal alcohol exposure was nearly equal among men and women. 9 Fetal alcohol effects qualitatively similar to those described in children with a history of gestational alcohol exposure have been detected with animal models. 10 Cognitive deficits have been found in FAE animal models...

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“…Accordingly, maternal thyroid function is of great importance for the foetus during the first half of pregnancy. Haddow et al [2] and Pop et al [3] reported that maternal hypothyroidism and hypothyroxinaemia occurring in the first half of pregnancy might be harmful to embryo-foetal brain development and lead to intellectual retardation in the offspring. Consequently, a debate over the recommendation to perform routine screening for thyroid hormone deficiency in pregnant women has ensued [4][5][6][7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A study for maternal thyroid hormone deficiency during the first half of pregnancy in China

Shan

Chen

Wang

et al. 2008

Eur J Clin Investigation

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Maternal hypothyroxinaemia during early pregnancy and subsequent child development: a 3‐year follow‐up study

Cited by 660 publications

References 31 publications

Drinking water contribution to aggregate perchlorate intake of reproductive-age women in the United States estimated by dietary intake simulation and analysis of urinary excretion data

Drinking water contribution to aggregate perchlorate intake of reproductive-age women in the United States estimated by dietary intake simulation and analysis of urinary excretion data

Behavioral deficits associated with fetal alcohol exposure are reversed by prenatal thyroid hormone treatment: a role for maternal thyroid hormone deficiency in FAE

A study for maternal thyroid hormone deficiency during the first half of pregnancy in China

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