“…For instance, hemoglobin concentrations in pregnancy were positively associated with the risk of GDM in some (42,45,61,62,67) although not all studies (41,43,47,50,56,57,59). Studies examining serum iron concentration in relation to GDM risk have also been conflicting with mixed reports of positive (31,41,45,47), negative (68), or no association (59,69,70) with GDM status. However, the majority of these studies were of small sample size, and inferences from these studies were further limited by insufficient control for potential confounders, such as prepregnancy BMI.…”