Abstract:Background: Caffeine can easily cross the placenta, and maternal caffeine intake, thus, has an effect on fetal growth. However, it is still unclear whether coffee consumption is an independent risk factor for bleeding in early pregnancy. The objective of this study was to examine the association between pre-pregnancy coffee consumption patterns and the risk of bleeding in early pregnancy.
Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted among 3,510 pregnant women from the Korean Pregnancy Outcome Study who un… Show more
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