Maternal Caffeine Intake, Selected Metabolic Gene Variants, and Neural Tube Defects (NTDs)

Maternal caffeine consumption and risk of congenital limb deficiencies

“…The study used the estimate from Bracken (Bracken et al, 2002) of 100 mg caffeine for a cup of coffee and 37 mg caffeine for each cup of tea. Brand‐specific caffeine contents for soda were based on the caffeine content per 12 ounce serving obtained from soda manufacturers (Schmidt, 2007; Schmidt et al, 2009). An average value of 37 mg was assigned to caffeinated soda for which caffeine was an ingredient but the amount could not be determined, based on a review of manufacturers provided information (Schmidt, 2007).…”

“…Brand‐specific caffeine contents for soda were based on the caffeine content per 12 ounce serving obtained from soda manufacturers (Schmidt, 2007; Schmidt et al, 2009). An average value of 37 mg was assigned to caffeinated soda for which caffeine was an ingredient but the amount could not be determined, based on a review of manufacturers provided information (Schmidt, 2007). A weighted average of 10 mg per ounce was used for chocolate (National Confectioners Association, 2009).…”

Particular Patterns of the Influence of the Physiology of Normal Pregnancy on the Pharmacokinetics of Drugs in the Liver

“…It was found that the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT -N-acetyltransferase) decreases during pregnancy. In some cases, caffeine was used to show that the normal activity of Nacetyltransferase in healthy women decreases during pregnancy [29,30].…”

“…Glucuronidation process: the anticonvulsant and normotimic drug lamotrigine is metabolized by glucuronidation. It has been studied that its clearance [29] increases by more than 50% during pregnancy, which requires dosage adjustment. After childbirth, the clearance of lamotrigine quickly returns to the pre-pregnancy level, so the dose should be reduced during the first two weeks of the postpartum period [31,32].…”