Maternal and fetal exposure to pesticides associated to genetically modified foods in Eastern Townships of Quebec, Canada

Aris, Aziz; Leblanc, Samuel

doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.02.004

Cited by 151 publications

(106 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Considering the increased risk of human and animal exposures to significant levels of these toxins, especially through diet, our results suggest that further evaluations are needed, with longer exposure of mammals to these diets, and involving clinical observations, before concluding that these microbiological control agents are safe to mammals. Cry1Ab induced microcytic hypochromic anemia in mice, even at the lowest tested dose of 27 mg/ Kg, and this toxin has been detected in blood of non-pregnant women, pregnant women and their fetuses in Canada, supposedly exposed through diet [34]. These data, as well as increased bioavailability of these MCA in the environment, reinforce the need for more research, especially given that little is known about spore crystals' adverse effects on non-target species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Hematotoxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis as Spore-crystal Strains Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac or Cry2Aa in Swiss Albino Mice

Mezzomo¹,

Miranda-Vilela²,

Freire³

et al. 2013

J Hematol Thrombo Diseases

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al. Este é um artigo de acesso aberto distribuído sob os termos da Licença de Atribuição Creative Commons, que permite uso irrestrito, distribuição e reprodução em qualquer meio, desde que o autor e a fonte originais são creditados . Journal of Hematology & Thromboembolic DiseasesResearch Article Open Access AbstractFormulated and sporulated cultures of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been widely used against insect pests, but after the advent of genetically modified plants expressing δ-endotoxins, the bioavailability of Cry proteins has been increased. For biosafety reasons their adverse effects should be studied, mainly for non-target organisms. Thus, we evaluated, in Swiss albino mice, the hematotoxicity and genotoxicity of four Bt spore-crystals genetically modified to express individually Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac or Cry2A, administered alone by gavage with a single dose of 27 mg/ Kg, 136 mg/Kg or 270 mg/Kg, 24 h, 72 h or 7 days before euthanasia. Binary combinations of these four spore-crystal proteins were also assayed at 270 mg/Kg with a single administration 24 h before euthanasia. Control mice received filtered water or cyclophosphamide at 27 mg/kg. For hematotoxicity evaluations, blood samples were drawn by cardiac puncture and processed in a multiple automated hematology analyzer; for genotoxicity analyses, micronucleus test was carried out in mice bone marrow cells. Spore-crystal administrations provoked selective hematotoxicity for the 3 exposure times, particularly for erythroid lineage. A significant reduction in bone marrow cell proliferation demonstrated cytotoxic but not genotoxic effects. These effects persisted for all exposure times, becoming more evident at 7 days. Similar results were observed for binary combinations at 24 h, suggesting that further studies are required to clarify the mechanism involved in the hematotoxicity found in mice, and to establish the toxicological risks to non-target organisms, especially mammals, before concluding that these microbiological control agents are safe for mammals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Hematotoxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis as Spore-crystal Strains Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac or Cry2Aa in Swiss Albino Mice

Mezzomo¹,

Miranda-Vilela²,

Freire³

et al. 2013

J Hematol Thrombo Diseases

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“…These are systemic chemicals that are taken up by plants and translocated into all tissues including pollen and seeds. This has lead to a substantial increase in chemical use as well as residual chemical loads in the harvested products (Aris and Leblanc, 2011;Benbrook, 2012;. Additionally, maize seeds, both GM and conventional varieties, are routinely coated with chemicals such as the neonicotinoid Clothianidin.…”

Section: Inherent Biases and Gaps Of Knowledge Unaccounted For In Curmentioning

confidence: 99%

Specificity and Combinatorial Effects of Bacillus Thuringiensis Cry Toxins in the Context of GMO Environmental Risk Assessment

Hilbeck

Otto

2015

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Stacked GM crops expressing up to six Cry toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are today replacing the formerly grown single-transgene GM crop varieties. Stacking of multiple Cry toxins not only increase the environmental load of toxins but also raise the question on how possible interactions of the toxins can be assessed for risk assessment, which is mandatory for GM crops. However, no operational guidelines for a testing strategy or testing procedures exist. From the developers point of view, little data testing for combinatorial effects of Cry toxins is necessary as the range of possibly affected organisms focuses on pest species and no evidence is claimed to exist pointing to combinatorial effects on non-target organisms. We have examined this rationale critically using information reported in the scientific literature. To do so, we address the hypothesis of narrow specificity of Cry toxins subdivided into three underlying different conceptual conditions (i) "efficacy" in target pests as indicator for "narrow specificity," (ii) lack of reported adverse effects of Cry toxins on non-target organisms, and (iii) proposed modes of action of Cry toxins (or the lack thereof) as mechanisms underlying the reported activity/efficacy/specificity of Cry toxins. Complementary to this information, we evaluate reports about outcomes of combinatorial effect testing of Cry toxins in the scientific literature and relate those findings to the practice of environmental risk assessment of Bt-crops in general and of stacked Bt-events in particular.

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“…Los investigadores también revelaron una marcada relación entre la dosis y la respuesta: aquellas que se habían bronceado 10 veces o menos presentaron un riesgo de melanoma 34% veces mayor, y aquellas que se habían bronceado 100 veces o más presentaron un riesgo 272% veces más elevado, en comparación con aquellas que nunca se habían bronceado. 15 Pero lo que el equipo de Lazovich no encontró fue una evidencia de que el riesgo de melanoma fuera mayor en la medida en que disminuye la edad de la primera exposición a una cama de bronceado. Lo que incrementaba el riesgo de cáncer, explica, era la frecuencia de las exposiciones.…”

Section: Evaluación Del Peso De La Evidenciaunclassified

“…15 Los investigadores detectaron Cry1Ab en el 93% de las mujeres embarazadas a quienes se realizó la prueba, en el 80% de sus fetos y en el 69% de las mujeres no embarazadas. Citando otros estudios en los que se encontraron cantidades traza de Cry1Ab en los contenidos gastrointestinales del ganado alimentado con maíz transgénico, los autores sugieren la posibilidad de que la toxina no se elimine eficazmente de los organismos humanos, -por lo que puede llegar a afectar al feto vulnerable-y que el consumo de carne contaminada puede suponer un riesgo de exposición.…”

Section: Señales De Alarmaunclassified

Untitled

2013

Salud pública Méx

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Maternal and fetal exposure to pesticides associated to genetically modified foods in Eastern Townships of Quebec, Canada

Cited by 151 publications

References 39 publications

Hematotoxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis as Spore-crystal Strains Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac or Cry2Aa in Swiss Albino Mice

Hematotoxicity of Bacillus thuringiensis as Spore-crystal Strains Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac or Cry2Aa in Swiss Albino Mice

Specificity and Combinatorial Effects of Bacillus Thuringiensis Cry Toxins in the Context of GMO Environmental Risk Assessment

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