Maternal and amniotic fluid steroids throughout human pregnancy

Nagamani, Manubai; McDonough, Paul G.; Ellegood, James O.; Mahesh, Virendra B.

doi:10.1016/0002-9378(79)90649-5

Cited by 91 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…A change in the menstrual cycle length over a woman's lifetime alters the relative duration of exposure of mammary epithelial cells to steroid hormone surges in the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, during which time the breast cells are more proliferative. 32,39,55 In general, when cycle length increases, the length of the follicular phase increases more than the luteal phase. 56 Because breast cells proliferate two to three times more rapidly during the luteal phase than during the follicular phase, 40 an increase in the cycle length and an increase in follicular cycle length, as observed in our study in participants who consumed soy supplements, theoretically may shorten the exposure of the breast epithelia to progesterone in the luteal phase.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The specific role of isoflavones on estrogen metabolism in premenopausal women

Kumar

Cantor

Allen

et al. 2002

Cancer

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Cancer is a genetic disease of somatic cells. Tumor karyotypes are rarely normal, and most show multiple abnormalities of both number and structure. The first direct evidence for this concept of cancer came from studies of tumor‐specific translocations in leukemias and lymphomas, revealing the importance of oncogenes and the regulation of gene transcription in cancer. A second major source of information about human cancer genes is hereditary cancer. Genetic predisposition of the autosomal dominant type imposes a high relative risk for one or more kinds of cancer. In the past decade or so, more than 30 mutant genes for such hereditary cancers have been cloned. Penetrance depends upon additional, somatic, mutations. A few of the genes are oncogenes or DNA repair genes, but most are tumor suppressor genes. Some tumor suppressors regulate transcription, while others operate in signal transduction pathways that are involved in regulating processes of cell birth, differentiation, and death. The knowledge gained is stimulating new approaches to the treatment and prevention of cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The specific role of isoflavones on estrogen metabolism in premenopausal women

Kumar

Cantor

Allen

et al. 2002

Cancer

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“…It is done during the second trimester of pregnancy, during a relatively narrow time window (usually 14-20 weeks of gestation) which fortunately coincides with the serum testosterone peak period in male fetuses. This peak is also apparent in amniotic fluid: several studies have documented a large sex difference in amniotic androgens [132,141,145,147,[163][164][165]. It is interesting to note that amniotic fluid was used to index fetal hormonal levels well before it was recognized as an opportunity by behavioral scientists [147].…”

Section: Interpretation Of Findings: Amniotic Hormones and Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hormones measured in maternal serum are produced by the mother and the placenta. Maternal androgens increase in pregnancy [138][139][140], perhaps due to increased binding by SHBG and thus higher levels of bound (but not unbound) testosterone [132,141]. Maternal testosterone does not appear to come from the fetus; several studies failed to find a difference in testosterone serum levels between women carrying a male and those carrying a female fetus [142][143][144][145].…”

Section: Interpretation Of Findings: Maternal Hormones and Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal sex hormone effects on child and adult sex-typed behavior: methods and findings

Cohen-Bendahan

Beek

Berenbaum

2005

Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

485

400

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There is now good evidence that human sex-typed behavior is influenced by sex hormones that are present during prenatal development, confirming studies in other mammalian species. Most of the evidence comes from clinical populations, in which prenatal hormone exposure is atypical for a person's sex, but there is increasing evidence from the normal population for the importance of prenatal hormones. In this paper, we briefly review the evidence, focusing attention on the methods used to study behavioral effects of prenatal hormones. We discuss the promises and pitfalls of various types of studies, including those using clinical populations (concentrating on those most commonly studied, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, androgen insensitivity syndrome, ablatio penis, and cloacal exstrophy), direct measures of hormones in the general population (assayed through umbilical cord blood, amniotic fluid, and maternal serum during pregnancy), and indirect measures of hormones in the general population (inferred from intrauterine position and biomarkers such as otoacoustic emissions, finger length ratios, and dermatoglyphic asymmetries). We conclude with suggestions for interpreting and conducting studies of the behavioral effects of prenatal hormones. q

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“…In the 1970s and early 1980s of the last century several investigators tried to establish a link between fetal sex and maternal T levels (Bammann et al, 1980;Dawood & Saxena, 1977;Forest et al, 1971;Glass & Klein, 1981;Klinga et al, 1978;Nagamani et al, 1979;Rivarola et al, 1968;Rodeck et al, 1985). At the time, this information was considered to be useful in the antenatal determination of fetal sex, which in turn would be a fairly inexpensive screening tool in, for example, the diagnosis of sexlinked genetic disorders (Glass & Klein, 1981).…”

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confidence: 99%