Maternal Allergic Asthma Induces Prenatal Neuroinflammation

Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a class of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impaired social interactions and communication skills and repetitive or stereotyped behaviors. Rates of ASD diagnosis continue to rise, with current estimates at 1 in 44 children in the US (Maenner 2021). Epidemiological studies have suggested a link between maternal allergic asthma and an increased likelihood of having a child diagnosed with ASD. However, a lack of robust laboratory models prevents mechanistic research from being carried out. We developed a novel mouse model of maternal asthma-allergy (MAA) and previously reported that offspring from these mothers exhibit behavioral deficits compared to controls. In addition, it was shown that epigenetic regulation of gene expression in microglia was altered in these offspring, including several autism candidate genes. To further elucidate if there is neuroinflammation in the fetus following MAA, we investigated how allergic asthma impacts the maternal environment and inflammatory markers in the placenta and fetal brain during gestation. Female C57Bl/6 mice were primed with ovalbumin (OVA) prior to allergic asthma induction during pregnancy by administering aerosolized ovalbumin or PBS control to pregnant dams at gestational days (GD)9.5, 12.5, and 17.5. Four hours after the final induction, placenta and fetal brains were collected and measured for changes in cytokines using a Luminex bead-based multiplex assay. Placental MAA tissue showed a decrease in interleukin (IL)-17 in male and female offspring. There was a sex-dependent decrease in female monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1). In male placentas, IL-4, C–X–C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10)—also known as interferon γ-induced protein 10 kDa (IP-10)—and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (RANTES) were decreased. In fetal brains, elevated inflammatory cytokines were found in MAA offspring when compared to controls. Specifically, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin 1α (IL-1α), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) were elevated in both males and females. In contrast, a decrease in the cytokine IL-9 was also observed. There were slight sex differences after OVA exposures. Male fetal brains showed elevated levels of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2), whereas female brains showed increased keratinocytes-derived chemokine (KC). In addition, IL-1𝛽 and IP-10 in male fetal brains were decreased. Together, these data indicate that repeated exposure to allergic asthma during pregnancy alters cytokine expression in the fetal environment in a sex-dependent way, resulting in homeostatic and neuroinflammatory alterations in the fetal brain.

Preclinical models of maternal asthma and progeny outcomes: a scoping review

“…All of the anatomical and endocrine outcomes were from a sheep model of HDM-induced maternal asthma, including placental weight [ 33 , 67 ], placentome maturity [ 33 , 68 ] and the isoforms and subcellular localisation of glucocorticoid [ 67 ] and androgen receptor isoforms [ 67 , 69 ]. The immune outcomes were from two mouse studies that measured cytokine production by placental lymphocytes [ 56 , 70 ].…”

Upregulation of Inflammatory Mediators in Peripheral Blood CD40+ Cells in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

“…A recent study described that the IFN-γ level was increased in the ASD brain [ 65 ]. It has been shown that IFN-γ level is elevated in children with ASD [ 9 , 28 ].…”

Maternal Inflammatory Biomarkers during Pregnancy and Early Life Neurodevelopment in Offspring: Results from the VDAART Study

“…Further, we used maternal marital status (together with maternal educational level) as a proxy for socioeconomic status, as we do not have more nuanced measures of socioeconomic status in this cohort. The parent cohort was designed to be enriched for asthma and allergies [ 45 ], which may themselves associate with child neurodevelopment and limit the generalizability of these findings to other populations [ 46 ]. We did not have information on time of day of blood collection, proinflammatory cytokines do exhibit a circadian rhythm [ 47 ], but we were unable to account for this in our analyses which may have influenced our findings.…”