Materials used to simulate physical properties of human skin

Dąbrowska, Agnieszka; Rotaru, G.-M.; Derler, S.; Spano, Fabrizio; Camenzind, Martin; Annaheim, Simon; Stämpfli, Rolf; Schmid, Michel; Rossi, Riccardo

doi:10.1111/srt.12235

Cited by 185 publications

(144 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…[41][42][43][44] Therefore, as a rough and not easily deformable material, characterized by wide and deep primary lines, 44 human skin in a dry state shows limited real contact area with the CaF 2 window. The hydration level of the dry skin increased with the depth of the measurement, exhibiting the lowest value for the SC, consisting of the dead and shriveled corneocytes 5 and the highest value for VE. 16,35,40,45 The natural variation of the water content at different depths of the skin is the explanation for a clear difference in the ratio between protein and water peaks in Raman spectra for the SC and VE of the dry skin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[2][3][4] One of the main functions of skin is to protect the body from external factors, such as mechanical injuries, extremes of temperature and radiation, as well as the transport of various substances. 5,6 The barrier function of skin is mostly provided by the stratum a) Electronic mail: agnieszka.dabrowska@empa.ch corneum ("horny layer," SC). [7][8][9] This thin layer, reaching a thickness of 15-20 lm at the volar forearm, is the most external of the sublayers of epidermis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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In vivo confirmation of hydration-induced changes in human-skin thickness, roughness and interaction with the environment

Dąbrowska¹,

Adlhart

Spano

et al. 2016

Biointerphases

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The skin properties, structure, and performance can be influenced by many internal and external factors, such as age, gender, lifestyle, skin diseases, and a hydration level that can vary in relation to the environment. The aim of this work was to demonstrate the multifaceted influence of water on human skin through a combination of in vivo confocal Raman spectroscopy and images of volar–forearm skin captured with the laser scanning confocal microscopy. By means of this pilot study, the authors have both qualitatively and quantitatively studied the influence of changing the depth-dependent hydration level of the stratum corneum (SC) on the real contact area, surface roughness, and the dimensions of the primary lines and presented a new method for characterizing the contact area for different states of the skin. The hydration level of the skin and the thickness of the SC increased significantly due to uptake of moisture derived from liquid water or, to a much lesser extent, from humidity present in the environment. Hydrated skin was smoother and exhibited higher real contact area values. The highest rates of water uptake were observed for the upper few micrometers of skin and for short exposure times.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo confirmation of hydration-induced changes in human-skin thickness, roughness and interaction with the environment

Dąbrowska¹,

Adlhart

Spano

et al. 2016

Biointerphases

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“…In this study, inkjet-printed graphene/PEDOT:PSS temperature sensors with stretchable silver conductors were fabricated on top of a stretchable polyurethane substrate with native adhesive. Just like a bandage, stretchable polyurethane substrates can be used to simulate the mechanical and surface properties of human skin35. The main topic is to present a novel fabrication method compatible with stretchable materials but no stretching tests are included in this article.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Inkjet-Printed Graphene/PEDOT:PSS Temperature Sensors on a Skin-Conformable Polyurethane Substrate

Vuorinen

Niittynen

Kankkunen

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

272

204

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Epidermal electronic systems (EESs) are skin-like electronic systems, which can be used to measure several physiological parameters from the skin. This paper presents materials and a simple, straightforward fabrication process for skin-conformable inkjet-printed temperature sensors. Epidermal temperature sensors are already presented in some studies, but they are mainly fabricated using traditional photolithography processes. These traditional fabrication routes have several processing steps and they create a substantial amount of material waste. Hence utilizing printing processes, the EES may become attractive for disposable systems by decreasing the manufacturing costs and reducing the wasted materials. In this study, the sensors are fabricated with inkjet-printed graphene/PEDOT:PSS ink and the printing is done on top of a skin-conformable polyurethane plaster (adhesive bandage). Sensor characterization was conducted both in inert and ambient atmosphere and the graphene/PEDOT:PSS temperature sensors (thermistors) were able reach higher than 0.06% per degree Celsius sensitivity in an optimal environment exhibiting negative temperature dependence.

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“…In its fully hydrated state, the skin has a water content of 30–80 wt% . This water is mostly held between the collagen chains in the dermis together with other solvated components such as hyaluronan . Known as the ground substance, this aqueous solution has been found to influence the mechanical properties of skin through effects such as influencing the direction of collagen bundle formation …”

Section: The Structure Of Natural Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Artificial Skin Devices as Skin Replacements: Insights into Superficial Treatment

Low

Liu

Owh

et al. 2019

Small

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Artificial skin devices are able to mimic the flexibility and sensory perception abilities of the skin. They have thus garnered attention in the biomedical field as potential skin replacements. This Review delves into issues pertaining to these skin‐deep devices. It first elaborates on the roles that these devices have to fulfill as skin replacements, and identify strategies that are used to achieve such functionality. Following which, a comparison is done between the current state of these skin‐deep devices and that of natural skin. Finally, an outlook on artificial skin devices is presented, which discusses how complementary technologies can create skin enhancements, and what challenges face such devices.

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Materials used to simulate physical properties of human skin

Cited by 185 publications

References 110 publications

In vivo confirmation of hydration-induced changes in human-skin thickness, roughness and interaction with the environment

In vivo confirmation of hydration-induced changes in human-skin thickness, roughness and interaction with the environment

Inkjet-Printed Graphene/PEDOT:PSS Temperature Sensors on a Skin-Conformable Polyurethane Substrate

Using Artificial Skin Devices as Skin Replacements: Insights into Superficial Treatment

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