Materials, technological status, and fundamentals of PEM fuel cells – A review

Capacity loss of non-aqueous Li-Air battery due to insoluble product formation: Approximate solution and experimental validation

“…where ε prod ε0 is the volume fraction of insoluble precipitates in the pore space and t a denotes the coverage factor, measuring the degree of insoluble product effect on the reaction area. This empirical expression was also adopted to describe the impact of liquid water and ice on the electrochemical reaction surface in PEM fuel cells [28,49]. A similar expression was reported by others [29,30]:…”

Three-dimensional simulation of a new cooling strategy for proton exchange membrane fuel cell stack using a non-isothermal multiphase model

“…Cooling is important to the thermal management of fuel cell stacks where a number of cells are packed together with limited access for cooling. Table 1 compares a few cooling techniques for PEM fuel cells [12,39,40]. A simplest strategy is to add a separate cooling flow field for each of the cell [52], which however adds more costs to stack fabrication and is more prone to coolant leakage.…”

“…Later Honda, Hyundai, GM and so on successively launched their own FCV models, and the fuel cell engines of Honda Clarity [10] and Hyundai NEXO [11] were selected as 2018 and 2019 Ward Ten Engines, respectively. By the middle of 2018, there were about 5000 FCVs in the world [12].…”

“…A very recent review listed the typical dimension range for fuel cell component (see Table 4 in Ref. [12]). At the stack level, the simplifying of fastener is also important in reducing the volume of PEM fuel cell stack.…”

“…(a) Cooling design in the Honda Clarity Fuel Cell stack [49]; (b) New cooling strategy: one cooling unit every five cells in this study[12].…”