Materials Science Research for the Conservation of Sculpture and Monuments

Scherer, George W.; Flatt, Robert J.; Wheeler, George

doi:10.1557/mrs2001.18

Cited by 72 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Salt precipitation plugs pores and generates crystallization pressure that can damage stone, concrete, and ceramics [4,6,7,17,[25][26][27], affect roads and underground structures [2,19,21,22], and diminish farming land [1,23]. Climate change may worsen salt precipitation and its impacts [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation and development of salt crusts on soil surfaces

2015

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The salt concentration gradually increases at the soil free surface when the evaporation rate exceeds the diffusive counter transport. Eventually, salt precipitates and crystals form a porous sodium chloride crust with a porosity of 0.43 ± 0.14. After detaching from soils, the salt crust still experiences water condensation and salt deliquescence at the bottom, brine transport across the crust driven by the humidity gradient, and continued air-side precipitation. This transport mechanism allows salt crust migration away from the soil surface at a rate of 5 lm/h forming salt domes above soil surfaces. The surface characteristics of mineral substrates and the evaporation rate affect the morphology and the crystal size of precipitated salt. In particular, substrate hydrophobicity and low evaporation rate suppress salt spreading.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation and development of salt crusts on soil surfaces

2015

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“…Crystallisation of salts in building materials is an important method of quantifying their decay (Arnold and Zehnder 1989;Scherer et al 2001). Commonly sodium sulphate is widely used in accelerated durability tests (Price 1975).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Qadhat—a comparative study of ancient and new lime mortar from the Marib province/Yemen

Weiß

Gerlach

2009

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

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Qadhat is the name for a lime mortar in Southern Arabia. Its usage has a long tradition. This work describes physical and mineralogical properties of ancient, historical and new samples, which seem to have been produced the same way. XRD, thin sections and SEM analyses show the similarity of the material. It consists of aggregates of volcanic material that are rich in volcanic glass and lime as binder. The production process includes several hours of crushing the material, which produces fine-grained splinters of aggregates in the binder matrix and gives the mortar a high stability. A weathering test with sodium sulphate on different samples confirms that the stability of this mortar is the result of the production process.

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“…This implies that modifying interfacial energies in porous materials may offer a means of mitigating salt damage [16]. Such issues are, however, not considered in this paper, which uses Equation (1) as the basis for the discussion.…”

Section: Concept Of Crystallization Pressure and Supersaturationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2, drying causes the liquid film to retreat between the salt crystal and the pore wall: the supersaturated film generates pressure limited only by P d . Salt-filled pores can also cause damaging pressure during insolation, owing to thermal expansion mismatch between salt and porous materials [16].…”

Section: Filled Large Poresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting salt damage in practice: A theoretical insight into laboratory tests.

Flatt¹,

Aly

Caruso

et al. 2017

RILEM Tech Lett

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Salt crystallization represents one of the major causes for the degradation of building and ornamental stone. As such, it has attracted the attention of researchers, who over the years have progressively unraveled most mechanisms involved in salt damage. Despite this mechanistic understanding, many questions subsist about how to quantitatively predict damage or its progression, and in particular how to relate performance on site to that in laboratory tests. In this context, a new RILEM TC 271-ASC has been started with the objective of defining laboratory tests that deliver more reliable predictions of field behavior. One deliverable of this TC is to provide a theoretical insight into this question based on recent progress on the understanding of salt damage. This paper presents a summary of this work, highlighting key aspects relating to crystallization pressure, chemo-mechanics and mass transport. Implications are discussed in relation to the most used accelerated salt crystallization tests in an attempt to better define which field exposure conditions that these tests best represent and may be used for, or define effective test procedures representing specific field conditions. A simple conceptual model for the development of salt damage is introduced. During an initial "induction" phase, transport of ions and accumulation of salt in the porous materials occurs without causing detectable damage until a critical point, termed "damage onset" is reached. Beyond this point, during the "propagation phase", the material degrades, typically losing strength and cohesiveness. The implications of these two phases are discussed in relation to the selection of appropriate salt weathering tests and conservation interventions.

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Materials Science Research for the Conservation of Sculpture and Monuments

Cited by 72 publications

References 18 publications

Formation and development of salt crusts on soil surfaces

Formation and development of salt crusts on soil surfaces

Qadhat—a comparative study of ancient and new lime mortar from the Marib province/Yemen

Predicting salt damage in practice: A theoretical insight into laboratory tests.

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