Materials Design for the Titanium Scaffold Based Implant

Abstract

The main objective of here presented research is a design the scaffold/porous titanium (Ti) alloy based composite material demonstrating better biocompatibility, longer lifetime and bioactivity behaviour for load-bearing implants. The development of such material is proposed by making a number of consecutive tasks. Modelling the mechanical, biomechanical and biological behavior of porous titanium structure and an elaboration of results is performed by mathematical methods, including FEM and fuzzy logic. The development of selected Ti-13Zr-Nb alloy with designed porosity and no harmful effects is made by powder metallurgy (PM) with and without space holders, and by rapid prototyping with an use of selective laser melting (SLM). The development of an oxidation technology resulting in high corrosion resistance and bioactivity is carried out by electrochemical oxidation, gaseous oxidation and chemical oxidation, and their combination. The HA depositon is made by electrochemical and chemical (alternate immersion) methods. The core material is designed as a combination of natural polymer and bioceramics in order to allow slow dissolution followed by stepwise growth of bone tissue and angiogenesis, preventing local inflammation processes, and sustaining the mechanical strength close to that of non-porous material.

Production and Characterization of the Third-Generation Oxide Nanotubes on Ti-13Zr-13Nb Alloy

“…The obtained porous SWNTs show a morphology very similar to bone tissue structures. The new, additionally produced top SWNTs layer is designed to accelerate the osseointegration process, reduce the risk of the releasing of harmful compounds from the implant into the body, and the occurrence of inflammation [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 25 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 48 , 49 ]. In line with the latest trends in implantology, the layer of oxide nanotubes can be a carrier for drugs delivered to a specific location and enable their controlled release into the body at a specific rate, depending on the size of the SWNTs [ 12 , 29 , 41 ].…”

“…Currently, intensive research is carried out to develop innovative surface modification methods of the biomedical Ti-13Zr-13Nb alloy to increase its bioactivity, biocompatibility, and long-term stability [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. Electrochemical modification can carry out additional functionalization of the Ti-13Zr-13Nb alloy surface, increasing its osteoinductive properties for applications in regenerative medicine and intelligent drug delivery systems [ 29 ].…”

“…The porous Ti-13Zr-13Nb scaffold with designed porosity and no harmful effects is also developed using powder metallurgy with and without space holders and SLM methods. Electrochemical oxidation, gaseous oxidation, and chemical oxidation, as well as hydroxyapatite deposition, are applied to its surface modification [ 30 ]. The obtained coatings of high-performance structures can support the regeneration process by stimulating the reconstruction of the tissues surrounding the implant, limiting the occurrence of inflammation and of the risk of releasing harmful metal ions from the implant surface to the body.…”

Fabrication of smart titanium implants by femtosecond laser synthesis

“…It was evidenced that rough surfaces encourage fibrin protein entrapment, which are important for osteogenic cells and mechanical stability between host bone and implants. [18] Studies on vertically aligned TiO2 nanotubes reports a favourable cell response to nanotube diameters ranging from 15nm to 100nm and tailoring their diameters demonstrated a dramatic increase in cell viability with reducing nanotube diameters [19]. Therefore, most studies were focused on engineering implant surface to improve and accelerate osseointegration which ultimately increased tissue regeneration.…”

Nanotubular oxide layers and hydroxyapatite coatings on ‘Ti–13Zr–13Nb’ alloy

“…This research was aimed at determining the nanoproperties such as nanoindentation, nanocreep and nanoscratch, also no applied for the investigated material system, which all together may clarify whether the proposed technology is suitable for surface engineering of 'Ti-13Zr-13Nb' bioalloy, as proposed earlier. 39 1 View of surface of oxidised specimen (a, b different magnifications) 2 View of surface of specimens oxidised, coated with hydroxyapatite and subjected to heat treatment (a-d different magnifications)…”