Materials Characterization of Feraheme/Ferumoxytol and Preliminary Evaluation of Its Potential for Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia

Abstract

Feraheme, is a recently FDA-cleared superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION)-based MRI contrast agent that is also employed in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia. Feraheme nanoparticles have a hydrodynamic diameter of 30 nm and consist of iron oxide crystallites complexed with a low molecular weight, semi-synthetic carbohydrate. These features are attractive for other potential biomedical applications such as magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH), since the carboxylated polymer coating affords functionalization of the particle surface and the size allows for accumulation in highly vascularized tumors via the enhanced permeability and retention effect. This work presents morphological and magnetic characterization of Feraheme by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry. Additionally, the results of an initial evaluation of the suitability of Feraheme for MFH applications are described, and the data indicate the particles possess promising properties for this application.

Hemocompatibility and Biomedical Potential of Poly(Gallic Acid) Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Theranostic Use

“…The obtained SAR values of all the dispersions were nearly identical, around 11 W/g magnetite. This value is fully consistent with others found in the literature, albeit the choice of the parameters of the magnetic field and the magnetization and particle size of the particles among its other relevant properties have tremendous effect on the SAR values [40][41][42][43][44]. The observed heating efficiency of our samples should be sufficient to rise temperature ~5°C above body temperature necessary to induce apoptosis and necrosis of cells in the case when the same particle concentration can be achieved by accumulating them in specific target locations during administration.…”

“…The finding that PGA coating did not alter the SAR of the MNPs is in agreement with the fact that the hyperthermic effect of the nanoparticles with ∼8 nm diameter is primarily via Neél relaxation [43], i.e., to the alteration of the direction of a single magnetic dipoles but not the particle as a whole. The coating shell could be expected to affect the heating rate in case of the Brownian type of relaxation or relaxation caused by the obvious magnetic hysteresis of larger magnetic particles.…”

Magnetic Nanoparticles for Precision Oncology: Theranostic Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Image-Guided and Targeted Cancer Therapy

“…However, surface modifications of IONPs with different polymers led to an increase in the hydrodynamic particle size that may affect superparamagnetic properties [38]. Surface coating for IONPs includes dextran, PEG, carboxymethyldextran [58], PEI-PEG-chitosan-copolymer [59], amphiphilic copolymer [60], protein [61] and antifouling polymer [62]. Dextran-coated SPION was the first polymer-coated IONP that has been extensively investigated in experimental animal models and in humans as an MRI contrast.…”

Targeted multimodal nano-reporters for pre-procedural MRI and intra-operative image-guidance

“…r 2 /r 1 ratio of core UCNPs (r 2 /r 1 =8886) was also increased to a 2.9-fold higher value (r 2 /r 1 =25807; r 2 = 1182 mM −1 s −1 and r 1 =0.0458 mM −1 S −1 )) for Nd-CSUCNPs (Figure S11). The resultant r 2 /r 1 ratio of Nd-CSUCNPs was much higher than Ferumoxytol (r 2 /r 1 =2019 mM −1 S−1) which is in clinical trials as MRI T2 contrast agents[35, 36]; these findings suggest that our lanthanide ion-doped UCNPs are efficient as T 2 -MRI contrast agents (Figure S11). To date, Ho 3+ -based UCNPs have been developed for luminescent/MRI T2 dual-modal imaging probes.…”