Materials Aspects of Photonic Crystals

López, Cefe

doi:10.1002/adma.200300386

Cited by 914 publications

(555 citation statements)

References 238 publications

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“…However, especially surfactant-free emulsion polymerization is priced for the high monodispersity [29,183] of the resulting latex particles. These find applications where high precision colloidal crystals are needed, most prominently in the fields of photonics, [184][185] phononics, [186][187] and lithography. [5,136,188] As the symmetry and order of the nanoparticles arrays to be produced from the metal-complex containing colloids crucially depends on the uniformity of the colloids, surfactant-free emulsion polymerization was applied to incorporate different metal complexes in order to produce colloids with a narrow size distribution.…”

Section: Incorporation Of Metal Complexes By Emulsion Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Patterning with Colloidal Monolayers

Vogel

2012

Springer Theses

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This thesis focuses on the controlled assembly of monodisperse polymer colloids into ordered two-dimensional arrangements. These assemblies, commonly referred to as colloidal monolayers, are subsequently used as masks for the generation of arrays of complex metal nanostructures on solid substrates.The motivation of the research presented here is twofold. First, monolayer crystallization methods were developed to simplify the assembly of colloids and to produce more complex arrangements of colloids in a precise way. Second, various approaches to colloidal lithography are designed with the aim to include novel features or functions to arrays of metal nanostructures.The air/water interface was exploited for the crystallization of colloidal monolayer architectures as it combines a two-dimensional confinement with a high lateral mobility of the colloids that is beneficial for the creation of high long range order. A direct assembly of colloids is presented that provides a cheap, fast and conceptually simple methodology for the preparation of ordered colloidal monolayers. The produced two-dimensional crystals can be transformed into nonclose-packed architectures by a plasma-induced size reduction step, thus providing valuable masks for more sophisticated lithographic processes. Finally, the controlled co-assembly of binary colloidal crystals with defined stoichiometries on a Langmuir trough is introduced and characterized with respect to accessible configurations and size ratios.Several approaches to lithography are presented that aim at introducing different features to colloidal lithography. First, using metal-complex containing latex particles, the synthesis of which is described as well, symmetric arrays of metal nanoparticles can be created by controlled combustion of the organic material of the colloids. The process does not feature an inherent limit in nanoparticle size and is able to produce complex materials as will be demonstrated for FePt alloy particles. Precise control over both size and spacing of the particle array is presented.Second, two lithographic processes are introduced to create sophisticated nanoparticle dimer units consisting of two crescent shaped nanostructures in close proximity; essentially by using a single colloid as mask to generate two structures simultaneously. Strong coupling processes of the parental plasmon resonances of the two objects are observed that are accompanied by high near-field enhancements. A plasmon hybridization model is elaborated to explain all polarization dependent shifts of the resonance positions. Last, a technique to produce laterally patterned, ultra-flat substrates without surface topographies by embedding gold nanoparticles in a silicon dioxide matrix is applied to construct robust and re-usable sensing architectures and to introduce an approach for the nanoscale patterning of solid supported lipid bilayer membranes.

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Section: Incorporation Of Metal Complexes By Emulsion Polymerizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Patterning with Colloidal Monolayers

Vogel

2012

Springer Theses

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“…Structured dielectric materials in three dimensions can exhibit photonic properties that allow control of the propagation of light [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. For crystalline structures, a complete or incomplete photonic band gap emerges and the propagation of light is hindered or even completely suppressed over a certain range of wavelengths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct laser writing of three-dimensional network structures as templates for disordered photonic materials

2013

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In the present article we substantially expand on our recent study about the fabrication of mesoscale polymeric templates of disordered photonic network materials [Haberko and Scheffold, Opt. Expr. 21, 1057 (2013)]. We present a detailed analysis and discussion of important technical aspects related to the fabrication and characterization of these fascinating materials. Compared to our initial report we were able to reduce the typical structural length scale of the seed pattern from a = 3.3 μm to a = 2 μm, bringing it closer to the technologically relevant fiber-optic communications wavelength range around λ ∼ 1.5 μm. We have employed scanning electron microscopy coupled with focused ion beam cutting to look inside the bulk of the samples of different heights. Moreover, we demonstrate the use of laser scanning confocal microscopy to assess the real space structure of the samples fabricated by direct laser writing. We address in detail questions about scalability, finite size effects, and geometrical distortions. We also study the effect of the lithographic voxel shape, that is, the ellipsoidal shape of the laser pen used in the fabrication process. To this end we employ detailed numerical modeling of the scattering function using a discrete dipole approximation scheme.

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“…A review of PBG fabrication methods can be found in the literature. [5] The development of efficient, practical techniques amenable to the fabrication of cPBG materials operating in the visible to IR remains a vibrant area of research, with new approaches regularly being introduced in the literature. Many applications have been identified for PhCs and PBG materials, including low-threshold lasers, [3] low-loss waveguides, [6][7][8] on-chip optical circuitry, [9] and fiber optics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

2006

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Public Reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comment regarding this burden estimates or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188,) Washington, DC 20503. AGENCY USE ONLY ( Leave Blank)2. REPORT DATE Advanced Materials, 18, 2665-2678 (2006). 3D photonic crystals (PhCs) and photonic bandgap (PBG) materials have attracted considerable scientific and technological interest. In order to provide functionality to PhCs, the introduction of controlled defects is necessary; the importance of defects in PhCs is comparable to that of dopants in semiconductors. Over the past few years, significant advances have been achieved through a diverse set of fabrication techniques. While for some routes to 3D PhCs, such as conventional lithography, the incorporation of defects is relatively straightforward; other methods, for example, selfassembly of colloidal crystals (CCs) or holography, require new external methods for defect incorporation. In this review, we will cover the state of the art in the design and fabrication of defects within 3D PhCs. The figure displays a fluorescence laser scanning confocal microscopy image of a y-splitter defect formed through two-photon polymerization within a CC. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 1416. PRICE CODE SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OR REPORT UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION ON THIS PAGE UNCLASSIFIED SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT UNCLASSIFIED LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT UL IntroductionPhotonic crystals (PhCs) are materials that possess spatial periodicity in their dielectric constant on the order of the wavelength (k) of light. These materials can strongly modulate light [1] and, with sufficient dielectric contrast and an appropriate geometry, may exhibit a photonic bandgap (PBG). This concept was first proposed in 1975 by Bykov [2] but remained relatively unknown until the seminal work of Yablonovitch [3] and John. [4] In a rough analogy to semiconductors, which possess an electronic bandgap, a PBG material prohibits the existence of photons with energies in the PBG. PhCs are naturally classified by the dimensionality of their periodicity, and in order to rigorously prevent the propagation of PBG frequencies in all directions, a 3D PhC with an omnidirectional, or complete PBG (cPBG) is required. cPBG materials have been fabricated and well characterized for operation at microwave and radio frequencies, however, operation in the visible and IR requires the characteristic length scales of these structures to be scaled down by several orders of magnitude...

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Materials Aspects of Photonic Crystals

Cited by 914 publications

References 238 publications

Surface Patterning with Colloidal Monolayers

Surface Patterning with Colloidal Monolayers

Direct laser writing of three-dimensional network structures as templates for disordered photonic materials

Introducing Defects in 3D Photonic Crystals: State of the Art

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