Materials and Methods for High‐Efficiency Perovskite Solar Modules

Abstract

Beginning with the breakthrough of solid‐state perovskite‐sensitized solar cells in 2012, the number of studies on photovoltaic devices based on halide perovskite materials has exploded. As of 2021, the certificated record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of small‐area perovskite solar cells (≈0.1 cm2 active area) is 25.5%, making them very competitive with conventional silicon solar cells (26.7%) in terms of efficiency. For commercialization and large‐scale manufacturing purposes, it is necessary to develop high‐efficiency large‐area perovskite photovoltaics with minimal PCE loss. Herein, the recent progress of perovskite solar modules (PSMs) is reviewed and a research direction toward high‐efficiency PSMs is proposed. It is important to carefully examine the materials and methods used for development of high‐efficiency scalable perovskite solar cells and modules as the uniformity and quality of large‐area perovskite film significantly affect the PCE, more so than in small‐area devices. Precursor, additive, and interface engineering are described as well as various coating methodologies for suitable PSMs. Engineering of uniform, pinhole‐free, and high‐quality large‐area perovskite films can contribute to high‐efficiency PSMs and pave the way for commercialization. The technologies used for materials and method engineering for high‐efficiency PSMs are discussed, with an eye toward commercialization.

Advanced Strategies to Tailor the Nucleation and Crystal Growth in Hybrid Halide Perovskite Thin Films

“…DMF (Dimethylformamide), DMSO (Dimethylsulfoxide), DMA (N,N-dimethylacetamide), GBL (γ-butyrolactone), and NMP (N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) are the most commonly used solvents in making good quality perovskite films for the high-performance perovskite solar cells and light-emitting diode. All of them are aprotic, high boiling point, and low vapor pressure solvents, and they are only useful in making full coverage, pinhole-free compact film when used along with some additional treatments such as antisolvent treatment or gas-assisted crystallization ( Lee and Park, 2021 ). The choice of a suitable aprotic solvent is critically important for preparing the high-quality perovskite films since the interaction between the solvent and the precursors have a strong influence on the crystallization rate and film morphology ( Lee and Park, 2021 ).…”

“…All of them are aprotic, high boiling point, and low vapor pressure solvents, and they are only useful in making full coverage, pinhole-free compact film when used along with some additional treatments such as antisolvent treatment or gas-assisted crystallization ( Lee and Park, 2021 ). The choice of a suitable aprotic solvent is critically important for preparing the high-quality perovskite films since the interaction between the solvent and the precursors have a strong influence on the crystallization rate and film morphology ( Lee and Park, 2021 ). Sometimes a solvent may not show good solubility for all the perovskite precursors; therefore recently, most of the high-quality perovskite films and high-performance perovskite optoelectronic devices have been fabricated using cosolvents (the binary solvent system).…”

Interface engineering at electron transport/perovskite layers using wetting mesoporous titanium dioxide to fabricate efficient and stable perovskite solar cells

“…[7][8][9][10] In the last few years, the efficiency of PSCs has increased remarkably from 3.8% to 25.5% in the case of single-junction perovskite cells. [11][12][13] Many different methods are used to develop the fabrication of highquality perovskite film, like one-or two-step solution deposition methods, the evaporation technique, chemical vapor deposition, and the dip coating method. 2,[14][15][16][17][18] Among these procedures, the one-step deposition method represented the most common approach to fabricating efficient devices.…”

Molecular optical filtering in perovskite solar cells

“…The impact of the photons on perovskite, depending on their energy, can be either a minor or a major factor of phase degradation [2]. To neutralize this influence, researchers conventionally resort to a complicated approach using a variety of options to modify the chemical and phase composition of perovskite by selecting cations A (alkyl-or arylammonium), B (usually Pb, Sn), and anions X (halogen ions or ions with a similar ionic radius), and also by varying the techniques of thinfilm formation [7][8][9][10][11]. At the same time, there is a simpler way of preventing the phase degradation 'optically', through introduction into the PSC scheme of an extra narrow-band photoabsorber in order to cut off the wavelengths at which the perovskite photolysis under sunlight proceeds with the highest intensity.…”