“…Classical theory of elasticity (Cauchy of Grade 1), on the other hand, fails to accurately homogenize the discrete nature into a continuum medium for a structure having comparable internal and external lengths [ 22 , 23 ]. This drawback can be overcome by means of non-classical (non-local) continuum theories which simultaneously utilize field description at coarse level, and preserve the memory of material’s underlying structure at fine level through internal scale parameters [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ] that can refer to different physical features ranging from nano order (e.g., distance between atoms in a nanoscopic structure) up to meso/macro orders (size of particle/grain in a composite medium) as demonstrated in different studies [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ].…”