Material Qualification of Main Bearings for Large Wind Energy Turbines

Burtchen, Marco; Maschelski, Uwe; Lüneburg, Bernd

doi:10.1520/stp158020140083

Cited by 5 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 1 publication

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“…Climate change and renewable energies are the most important topics in the energy industry right now. In order to reduce the international CO 2 emissions, the amount and the size of wind energy turbines increases steadily [1,2]. In these turbines, bearings with a diameter of approximately 4 m are used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing Hardenability and Hardness of Quenching and Tempering Alloys by Substituting Chromium with Manganese

Gramlich

Pape

Heßling

et al. 2021

MSF

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This study investigates the influence of the substitution of chromium (-0.8 wt.−%) by manganese (+1.3 wt.−%) in a standard quench and tempering steel and the predictability of property changes through simple simulations, only dependent on the chemical composition. The substitution of chromium by manganese leads to an increased hardness (+50 HV10) and a reduction of the critical cooling speed from 19 K s−1 for the reference alloys to 9 K s−1 for the new alloy and a nearly constant hardness of (600 HV10) after Jominy-test. The commercial software JMATPRO is used to simulate and predict key properties for the industrial production. It is shown that a successful simulation of phase transformation temperatures and the general directions of change can be predicted, but more complex properties like critical cooling rates or hardenability need more sophisticated methods.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increasing Hardenability and Hardness of Quenching and Tempering Alloys by Substituting Chromium with Manganese

Gramlich

Pape

Heßling

et al. 2021

MSF

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Chapter 2 | Basic Bearing Steel Metallurgy and Relationship of Steel Composition, Metallurgical Cleanliness, and Heat Treatment—Specifications and Standard Methods

Beswick¹

2022

Rolling Bearing Steel: Design, Technology, Testing and Measurements

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The microstructure of steels for rolling bearings is the single most important parameter in the metallurgy of steels for rolling bearings. The required spheroidize annealing operation for high carbon through hardening steels is reviewed. The microstructure produced in martensitic and bainitic through hardening processes are described as well as the carbide microstructure effects in secondary hardening treatment for steels for high temperature aerospace precision rolling bearings. Metallurgical cleanliness is an all-encompassing parameter in steels for rolling bearings and as such the various characteristics of inclusions present in rolling bearing steels are described. The effect of chemical elements in bearing steel compositions is treated with respect to their effects on rolling bearing properties. The international specifications and details of testing methods for steels for rolling bearings are explained and illustrated. The metallurgical specification and test parameters covered in this section are: microcleanliness, mesosize, defect control, macroinclusion testing using ultrasonic methods, microstructure control, steel composition testing, hardness testing, grinding burn, static capacity relationships, retained austenite and residual stress determination using x-ray diffraction, and radiation testing. The information in this section will enable the reader to identify the most important parameters for global sourcing and testing of steels for rolling bearings.

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Chapter 4 | Steelmaking, Casting, Rolling—Air (Open) Melt Steel Grades

Beswick¹

2022

Rolling Bearing Steel: Design, Technology, Testing and Measurements

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Bearing steel technologists need to be aware of air-melt bearing steelmaking process developments and the market demands for cheaper and better rolling bearings, and reduced CO2 emissions. Primary steelmaking in electric arc or basic oxygen furnaces is described together with the development of linked or separate ladle refining and vacuum degassing technologies. The choice of aluminum or silicon (nonaluminum) deoxidation is explained as a function of the applied casting methodology, end product requirement, and the prevailing ethos. The variety of steelmaking combinations are explained and relationships of the processes with the metallurgical quality illustrated. The technologies applied in bearing steel casting operations have a profound effect on quality and costs and this is described. High carbon bearing steel compositions present special problems with respect to segregation and a need for homogenization treatments. Continuous casting of bearing steels is established, but ingot casting is required for higher alloyed steels. Ingot casting remains an excellent way of making high-quality bearing steels. Both billet and bloom continuous casting are economically attractive provided the bearing steels in question can be cast in suitable sequences. The use of post-casting homogenization treatments are explained particularly for the large-size bearing steel grades produced by radial-axial hot ring rolling. Control of hot-working process temperatures and adiabatic heating effects, particularly for high carbon-alloy steels, is described. Nondestructive testing cannot detect all internal metallurgical defects which means that hot ring rolling must not introduce undetectable, or difficult to detect, internal void defects. It is explained that careful homogenization of steels for radial and axial ring rolling needs to be performed in order to ensure that the rings have full metallurgical integrity (i.e., they are free of voids/porosity).

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Material Qualification of Main Bearings for Large Wind Energy Turbines

Cited by 5 publications

References 1 publication

Increasing Hardenability and Hardness of Quenching and Tempering Alloys by Substituting Chromium with Manganese

Increasing Hardenability and Hardness of Quenching and Tempering Alloys by Substituting Chromium with Manganese

Chapter 2 | Basic Bearing Steel Metallurgy and Relationship of Steel Composition, Metallurgical Cleanliness, and Heat Treatment—Specifications and Standard Methods

Chapter 4 | Steelmaking, Casting, Rolling—Air (Open) Melt Steel Grades

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