Material Property Targets for Emerging Nanomaterials to Enable Point-of-Use and Point-of-Entry Water Treatment Systems

Abstract

The scarcity of potable water is an imminent threat to at least half the world's population. Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) have the potential to treat water from polluted sources to mitigate the scarcity of potable water. However, the performance demands on these materials in practical applications has not been studied in detail. This is but one of the challenges that hinder the widespread implementation of ENMs for water treatment. The emerging fit-for-purpose paradigm which encourages water treatment at the point-of-use (POU) or point-of-entry (POE) could lower the barrier for the use of ENMs in water technology by incorporating smaller, decentralized ENM-based treatment systems. This work develops a bottom-up and top-down modeling framework to facilitate the design of nanoporous membrane-based sorbents, a promising class of ENMs, for POU and POE water treatment applications. Langmuir isotherm and membrane structure-property calculations provide the multiscale link between molecular properties, including affinity, saturation capacity, and pore size, device design decisions, including membrane area and thickness, and system design decisions, including sorbent mass and number of parallel modules. The framework predicts that for lead contaminants, existing materials are near molecular and systems limitations; improvements in the properties of adsorptive materials to treat lead will yield few benefits for POU and POE treatment systems. Moreover, the framework provides dimensionless formulas that apply to all adsorptive systems that exhibit (near) equilibrium behavior as an easy-to-use tool for the broader membrane science and environmental engineering communities to assess the feasibility of emerging materials to meet process demands. A case study regarding materials for arsenic removal demonstrates how to apply the modeling framework to calculate material properties targets and predict system performance for an arbitrary single-solute adsorption process. Finally, these dimensionless models are used to identify three distinct regions of relative performance between batch and semi-continuous processes. These results give caution to applying scale-up heuristics outside their valid region, which can lead to under- or over-design during bottom-up studies. The presented modeling framework is a crucial step to fully optimize engineered nanomaterials across material, device, and system scales.

Nanocomposite-based high-performance adsorptive water filters: recent advances, limitations, nanotoxicity and environmental implications

“…To address water-related problems and as an efficient way to remove contaminants from wastewater with enhanced adsorption capacity and better flux, hybrid membranes or adsorption-based modules are evolving as an all-in-one solution for water purification. 111 Usage of conventional membranes has continued to grow for the last 40 years. 112 However, involvement of fossil-based polymers 113 has low sustainability with respect to membrane fabrication due to restricted usage of materials that are not cost-effective, lack of flexibility for a variety of contaminants and limited water permeability.…”

Membrane Separation Process Design and Intensification

“…Aliaga-Vicente et al and Ohs et al employed mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) to optimize membrane cascade for gas separation. Recently, Eugene et al , performed modeling and superstructure optimization of membrane systems considering both membrane property and process design targets. Significant works also exist in designing multistage membrane configurations. ,,, However, there are few works that provides generic platforms for the design and optimization of membrane-based processes.…”