Material flow analysis of discarded refrigerators from households in urban and rural areas of China

Bioleaching of End-of-Life Printed Circuit Boards: Mathematical Modeling and Kinetic Analysis

“…The modern society is becoming more and more dependent on electronic devices, which are characterized by a short replacement cycle . This tendency can be translated in a growing flow of new technologies to the market with a consequent increase of an electronic waste amount (e-waste). , An amount of 45 million tons of e-waste was generated in 2016 with an estimated annual growth rate of 3–4%. − There are four main sources of e-waste: small/large home appliances, hospital medical equipment, office machines, and industrial equipment/machines . Within the entire e-waste quantity, the WPCB percentage is relevant (3–6%). − The WPCBs are composed for more than 40% (w/w) of metals. , Cu has an average concentration of 20% (w/w) of whole metals, and it is 10–40 times higher than that in copper-rich minerals. ,− The annual Cu production is around 15 million tons, and about 30% is used for the electric and electronic devices .…”

Finding and Capturing Value in e-Waste for Refrigerators Manufacturers and Recyclers

“…The use of dynamic flow analysis, which can estimate a product lifecycle length, can help to calculate the state of metals and plastics contained in obsolete refrigerators [15]. Also, the application of IoT has been explored in refrigerators, where through sensors, Bluetooth, and RFID technology there is the potential to provide visibility of maintenance requirements and make life-length estimations [16].…”

“…In [15], [17], and [24], the materials highlighted are precious metals (Au, Ag), common Metals (i.e., Fe, Al, Cu, Sn), and toxic metals (i.e., Pb, Sb, Cd, Hg). However, the main environmental benefits are due to the recycling of steel, aluminium and copper [17].…”

A comprehensive review on hazardous aspects and management strategies of electronic waste: Bangladesh perspectives

“…Then it is followed by the regional level, the product level, and the element level assessments (Ismail and Hanafiah, 2019). The products that were considered for MFA studies included personal computers (Yoshida et al, 2009), TV (Singh et al, 2019), mobile phones (Sugiyama et al, 2016), refrigerators (Li et al, 2019), home appliances including washing machine, vacuum cleaner, microwave oven (Lase et al, 2021;Murakami et al, 2006), etc. MFA studies are increasingly focusing on items that include expensive metals like gold, palladium, and silver, such as mobile phones, computers, and laptops (Islam and Huda, 2019;Withanage and Habib, 2021).…”