Material characteristics of binder jet 3D printed hydrated CSA cement with the addition of fine aggregates

A critical review of 3D printing in construction: benefits, challenges, and risks

“…The authors presented a classification, which led to the selection of three techniques, i.e., selective binder activation, selective paste intrusion and binder jetting, as the most relevant to this type of 3D printing. Ingaglio et al [39] tested a new technique using binder jet-printed CSA cement with the addition of fine aggregates possess to obtain 3D-printed objects with enough strength and resolution suitable for applications with conventional construction materials.…”

“…There are typically five types of 3D printing that are used in construction: contour crafting (CC), concrete printing (CP), selective binder (cement) activation (SBA), selective paste intrusion (SPI), and D-Shape ( Fig. 2) [16,35,[39][40][41]. The first two types can be classified as "Extruded Material Systems" and the last three as "Powder-Based Systems" (Fig.…”

“…The unbounded sand remains around the printed layer, which is solely used to temporarily support the construction. The binder is typically a resin which reacts with a hardener component in the particle bed [39][40][41].…”

“…The advantages of this technology include better surface quality, higher fabrication speed, and broader choice of materials [13]. Limitations of this technology include: only vertical extrusions are possible, complex to implement for production, the possibility of weakened interfacial zones between the layers due to hydrostatic pressure and weak mechanical properties of the extruded cement [39]. Contour crafting caught the interest of NASA for its promising approach for construction on the Moon and Mars [13] and it won the grand prize by the agency in 2014 [38].…”

“…Implementing and advancing the use of 3D printing in the construction industry is still in its infancy stage and faces a number of challenges. Interdisciplinary work regarding the material science, computation, and design resulted in the development of a new method of 3D printing concrete material [39]. The challenges may be categorized into seven groups: material, printer, software, and computational, architecture and design, construction management, regulations, and stakeholders.…”