Material and Deterioration Characteristic Analysis for Stone Sculptures in Gyeongbokgung Royal Palace, Seoul

Abstract

The stone sculptures in Gyeongbokgung Royal Palace are mainly composed of granite (884 sculptures, 96.7%) and marble (25 sculptures, 2.7%) that originated in several different quarries. Main deterioration forms are crack (24%), break-out (21%), exfoliation (36%), granular disintegration (9%) and blackening (20%). Crack and break-out are dominant contributors to high physical deterioration degree, and blackening is major weathering form of intensive discoloration. The Gyeonghoeru, Geunjeongjeon and Pumgyeseok areas require urgent and high conservation maintenance with short-term periodic monitoring since proportions of 3-grade deterioration were calculated higher than others as 55% for Gyeonghoeru, 29% for Geunjeongjeon, 11% for Pumgyeseok area. The Pumgyeseok (officials' rank stone), especially, needs intervention for protective facility due to its material vulnerability to weathering in outdoor environment.

Material and Deterioration Characteristic Analysis for Inscribed Stones of Naksan Mountain Area of the Hanyangdoseong(Seoul City Wall), Korea

“…The X-ray used as the target was Cu Kα, and the acceleration voltage of the anode and current of the filament were 40 kV and 100 mA, respectively. however, the total number of deterioration grades was curtailed to 3 for performing quick and easy judgment (Kim et al, 2013). Accordingly, an appropriate method for long-term conservation of the Inscribed stones of Naksan Mountain Area was suggested.…”

Synergistic interactions of chemical additives on the strength development of silicate cement by a box‐behnken model optimization

“…6,8,9 Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is another water-soluble polymer that is used as a cement modifier to improve the workability. [10][11][12][13] Some researchers have found that PVA decreased the mechanical properties of the mortar and concrete and affected the air content of the paste and mortar 11 ; others have noted that PVA can significantly increase the bond strength between the cement paste and the aggregates in concrete. 10 An important modification that has been observed by the addition of small amounts of PVA is significantly improving the compressive strength and reducing the porosity due to the formation of some new compounds or a film.…”

Suggestions of Stone Materials for Restoration of Gwanghwamun Woldae in Seoul Based on Lithological Study

“…최근에는 손상된 석조문화유산의 보수와 복원 시 새로 보충되는 신석재 선정을 위한 산지연구가 활발히 수행되고 있다 (Lee et al, 2010c;2016;Jo et al, 2011;Park et al, 2015). (Kim et al, 2012;2013b;Jo et al, 2012;Lee et al, 2013;Jo and Lee, 2015;Park et al, 2019) 서울 일대의 흑운모화강암은 다양한 암상이 나타나는 것으로 확인되며, 서울에 분포하는 많은 석조문화유산에 사용되었다 (Jo et al, 2012;Kim et al, 2013b;Lee et al, 2013;Park et al, 2019) (J) X-ray diffraction patterns of the railing stones and quarry stones. Chl; chlorite, B; biotite, Am; amphibole.…”