Matching mother and calf reindeer using wireless sensor networks

Ownership Identification of Reindeer Calf Using Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)

“…Readers can communicate with active RFID tags across 20 to 100 meters. In the same way, tags can track the movement of highly mobile objects in wider areas than passive tags [5].…”

“…The location device determines tag's location and sends it to the visibility software, which uses location data to determine the exact location of the RFID tag. The Wi-Fi (IEEE802.11WLAN) can support up to 128 devices within one network and can transmit data up to 30m, but requires more power and could incur more cost than other technologies [5]. However, the cost of the system can be justified and reduced due to the multi-functionality of the Wi-Fi network, which is indispensable within any enterprise, and is usually available beforehand.…”

“…These tags are capable of bi-directional data exchange, and can determine the location within an accuracy of 3-5 meters. Furthermore, a large number of tags can concurrently communicate with a single access point, without choking the Wi-Fi network [5].…”

“…Accurate time reference between the measuring units is very crucial for this method. TDOA suffers from downsides similar to TOA in indoor environments, where a line-of-sight (LOS) channel is rarely available [5]. 4.…”

“…This makes it difficult to mount receivers too close to the animals, which makes the use of passive RFID tags not feasible. Hence, it is imperative to use either active RFID tags, which operate at higher frequencies than passive tags because of their onboard power source and can communicate with their respective receivers across 20 to 100 meters, and can track the movement of highly mobile objects in wider areas than passive tags, or use GPRS collars or UHF nodes, which are capable of transmitting signals to long distances, but at a higher cost [5].…”