Matching Cases and Controls Using SAS® Software

Mortensen, L.; Andresen, Kristoffer; Burcharth, Jakob; Pommergaard, Hans‐Christian; Rosenberg, Jacob

doi:10.3389/fdata.2019.00004

Cited by 20 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 2 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…These criteria identified 3,544 unmatched hospital-based controls with complete demographic, clinical, and genetic data. To minimize any confounding effects from predisposing risk factors, we also defined a matched dataset by matching hospital-based controls to cases at a ratio of 2:1 based on age, sex, obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and coronary artery disease (CAD) using a previously described algorithm ( 21 ). These criteria define a subset of 719 cases and 1,438 matched hospital-based controls with complete matching variables that were available for analysis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of serum HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 levels with risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection

Hilser

Han

Biswas

et al. 2021

Journal of Lipid Research

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Individuals with features of metabolic syndrome are particularly susceptible to SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus associated with the severe respiratory disease COVID-19. Despite considerable attention dedicated to COVID-19, the link between metabolic syndrome and SARS-CoV-2 infection remains unclear. Using data from the UK Biobank, we investigated the relationship between severity of COVID-19 and metabolic syndrome-related serum biomarkers measured prior to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Logistic regression analyses were used to test biomarker levels and biomarker-associated genetic variants with SARS-CoV-2-related outcomes. Among SARS-CoV-2-positive cases and negative controls, a 10mg/dL increase in serum high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol or apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) levels was associated with ∼10% reduced risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection, after adjustment for age, sex, obesity, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and coronary artery disease. Evaluation of known genetic variants for HDL cholesterol revealed that individuals homozygous for ApoE4 alleles had ∼2-3-fold higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection or mortality from COVID-19 compared to ApoE3 homozygotes, even after adjustment for HDL cholesterol levels. However, cumulative effects of all evaluated HDL cholesterol-raising alleles and Mendelian randomization analyses did not reveal association of genetically higher HDL cholesterol levels with decreased risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection. These results implicate serum HDL cholesterol and ApoA1 levels measured prior to SAR-CoV-2 exposure as clinical risk factors for severe COVID-19 infection but do not provide evidence that genetically elevated HDL cholesterol levels are associated with SAR-CoV-2 infection.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of serum HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 levels with risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection

Hilser

Han

Biswas

et al. 2021

Journal of Lipid Research

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“…For the primary analysis, confounding factors were identified using logistic regression with ECAD status as the outcome variable. Significant confounding variables (P < .05) were used to generate a matched population using a 2:1 matching procedure, as described by Mortensen et al 24 The secondary analysis was performed with univariate analysis in an unadjusted population. Statistical analyses were conducted using SAS Studio, version 3.8 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracranial carotid atherosclerosis is associated with increased neurofibrillary tangle accumulation

Arias

Edwards

Vitali

et al. 2022

Journal of Vascular Surgery

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Objective: We sought to determine whether extracranial carotid atherosclerotic disease (ECAD) is associated with increased key neurodegenerative pathology such as neurofibrillary tangle (NFT), beta-amyloid plaque, or cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) accumulation, findings associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias.Methods: Our prospective, longitudinal, clinicopathologic study, the AZSAND (Arizona study of aging and neurodegenerative disorders) and Brain and Body Donation Program, recorded the presence or absence of clinically diagnosed ECAD and performed semiquantitative density estimates of NFT, beta-amyloid plaque, and CAA at death. After adjusting for potential confounding factors determined by logistic regression analysis, histopathology density scores were evaluated in individuals with ECAD (n ¼ 66) and those without ECAD (n ¼ 125).Results: We found that the presence of ECAD was associated with a 21% greater NFT burden at death compared with no ECAD (P ¼ .02). Anatomically, an increased NFT burden was seen throughout the brain regions evaluated but was significant in the temporal lobe (P < .05) and entorhinal cortex (P ¼ .02). In addition, we found that subjects who had undergone carotid endarterectomy (CEA), the surgical treatment of ECAD (n ¼ 32), had decreased NFT densities compared with those with ECAD who had not undergone CEA (n ¼ 66; P ¼ .04). In contrast to NFT, ECAD was not associated with beta-amyloid plaques or CAA density.Conclusions: These findings indicate that ECAD is associated with the NFT burden in the temporal lobe and entorhinal cortex, which has clinical significance for AD and non-AD dementias and cognitive dysfunction. Further understanding of whether ECAD increases the risk of neurodegenerative brain changes is highly relevant because ECAD is a treatable disease that has not, otherwise, been evaluated for nor specifically treated as a dementia risk factor.

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“…Demographic characteristics (age at LND and sex) and site of LND were likewise extracted from histology reports. We used the macro for SAS software (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, North Carolina) developed by Mortensen et al 12 to match two randomly selected MKPs (controls) to each MUP patient (case) according to sex, 5‐year age group and LND site (two controls per case being the maximum number feasible across all study databases).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypothesised cutaneous sites of origin of stage III melanomas with unknown primary: A multicentre study

Clayton

Muneeb

Hughes

et al. 2022

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Based on molecular evidence that melanomas with unknown primary (MUPs) arise from the skin, we hypothesised that sites of MUPs are disproportionately on trunk and lower limbs, sites that are not readily visible to patients and clinicians. We tested this hypothesis by inferring the anatomic site of origin of MUPs from the corresponding known cutaneous sites of melanoma patients with known primary tumours (MKPs). We analysed data from three separate cohorts of patients from Brisbane, Australia (n = 236); Manchester, UK (n = 51) and Padova, Italy (n = 33), respectively, who first presented with stage III melanoma with lymph node metastases. We matched two MKP patients to each MUP patient based on lymph node dissection (LND) site, age and sex, and imputed cutaneous sites of origin of MUPs from their two matched MKPs for study countries, giving two possible sites for each MUP per centre. Overall, results showed that MUP patients were predominantly male, and trunk was the most likely origin, comprising around a third to a half of MUPs across the three cohorts. The remaining MUP inferred sites varied by country. In the Australian cohort, the legs accounted for a third of imputed sites of MUPs, while in the UK and Italian cohorts, the most frequent site was the arms followed by the legs. Our findings suggest the need for regular and thorough skin examination on trunk and limbs, especially in males, to improve early detection of cutaneous melanoma and reduce the risk of metastatic disease at the time of presentation.

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Matching Cases and Controls Using SAS® Software

Cited by 20 publications

References 2 publications

Association of serum HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 levels with risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection

Association of serum HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A1 levels with risk of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection

Extracranial carotid atherosclerosis is associated with increased neurofibrillary tangle accumulation

Hypothesised cutaneous sites of origin of stage III melanomas with unknown primary: A multicentre study

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