Match activity profile and heart rate responses of top-level soccer referees during Brazilian national first and second division and regional championships

Silva, Juliano Fernandes da; Teixeira, Anderson Santiago; Carvalho, Jolmerson de; Salvador, Paulo do Nascimento; Castagna, Carlo; Ventura, Arthur Pereira; Segundo, José Francisco de Sousa Neto; Guglielmo, Luiz Guilherme Antonacci; Lucas, Ricardo Dantas de

doi:10.1080/24733938.2022.2098372

Cited by 4 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…A similar pattern was observed when analysing assistant referees. Total distance covered is in line with the values observed in the literature, without differences between the first and second half [12,13]. In terms of high-intensity activities, no differences between the first and second half were found neither for HIR and HSR, nor for accelerations and decelerations, which is also in line with the current literature [12].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…A similar study compared national and non-national Spanish referees, and they found that non-national-level referees covered a total distance of about 5.5 km [19], which was a very low value. However, regional-level Brazilian referees cover about 10.8 km per match [12], a value that is close the values registered in top-tier referees in other European countries [1,2,8,13,19], and even within the Portuguese context, where a study that followed all Portuguese first league referees during one season found that the total distance covered was of 9.3 km [15].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…When comparing the metrics in each half, no significant differences were found with the exception of the high-intensity running, average velocity, and the heart rate variables. The finding of similar match load demands in each half is not quite in line with other studies, where differences were found for the total distance covered [12,15], high-intensity running [12], and accelerations and decelerations [2,15]. It was expected that referees would produce significantly fewer accelerations and decelerations, as in similar research, due to eventual fatigue.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

“…Accordingly, the average heart rate is also lower for the non-national referees. Another study has compared the referees of three different competitive levels in the Brazilian championships [12], confirming differences in match intensity and heart rate, both for main and assistant referees of different competitive levels. This reinforces the need to analyse the referees' physical and physiological loads adapted to each competitive and social context, as this information is determinant to plan training strategies according to the specific needs of referees.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Studies have reported that both main referees and assistant referees cover substantial distances during international soccer matches, with referees covering more distance overall [6][7][8][9]. It has been observed, however, that main referees show higher values in terms of the total distance covered, average heart rate, and maximum speed compared to assistant referees [6,[9][10][11][12], revealing the different needs and demands each official present during matches. Additionally, both groups experience high-intensity activity periods during matches [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Physical and Physiological Demands of Amateur Portuguese Field and Assistant Football Referees

Gomes,

Mendes,

Ferreira

et al. 2024

Sports

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Referees are crucial elements in football, and they must meet the physical and physiological demands each match poses to them. The aim is to analyse the physical and physiological demands of amateur referees in games at the regional level (4th division), examining the differences between the first and second halves and between assistant (age: 25.10 ± 4.97) and main referees (age: 25.65 ± 5.12). A total of 29 matches were analysed with GPS devices, and internal and external load metrics were analysed. Overall, main referees, due to their central role in game management, showed higher levels of physical and physiological load than assistant referees, with more high-intensity activities, greater distance covered and higher heart rate. The results also revealed that there were no differences between the halves for total distance covered for either the main or assistant referees. However, the main referees covered a greater distance in high-intensity running during the first half (p = 0.05; d = 0.389). These findings emphasise the importance of tailored training protocols to enhance performance and reduce fatigue-related errors, highlighting the significance of endurance, high-intensity running ability, and strategies to manage transient fatigue in referee preparation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 54%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Physical and Physiological Demands of Amateur Portuguese Field and Assistant Football Referees

Gomes,

Mendes,

Ferreira

et al. 2024

Sports

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High-Speed Efforts of Elite Association Football Referees in National and International Matches

Amatori,

Helsen,

Baldari

et al. 2024

Journal of Strength &Amp; Conditioning Research

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Amatori, S, Helsen, WF, Baldari, C, Serra, T, Belli, A, Guidetti, L, Rocchi, MBL, Sisti, D, and Perroni, F. High-speed efforts of elite association football referees in national and international matches. J Strength Cond Res 38(8): e417–e422, 2024—Field referees (FRs) need to move throughout the pitch to identify any infringements of the game's laws. Their performance depends on technical, tactical, physical, physiological, and mental factors. This retrospective study aimed to examine and assess the physical and physiological parameters as a function of time in elite association football referees during official matches. Global positioning system (match time, distance in different intensity ranges [low-intensity, high-speed, very high-speed running, and sprinting], average and peak speed, distance in accelerations or decelerations) and heart rate (average and peak) data from 212 national and international football matches were analyzed. A linear mixed-model analysis was performed to assess the differences between halves and between the three 15-minute sections of each half-time for all the physical and physiological variables collected. A significant effect of match half was found for the game time (p < 0.001) and the standing time (p = 0.005), both higher in the second half, and for the average speed (p = 0.017), which was lower in the second half. Total distance (p < 0.001), low-intensity distance (p = 0.004), and average speed (p = 0.007) all showed a reduction as a function of time. More than 7.800 high-speed intervals were detected. Accelerative actions within 3 seconds characterized most of the high-speed efforts of an FR during a match. Significant differences emerged in the way the match intensity is distributed across the match, analyzed both in halves (first vs. second) and 15-minute intervals within each half. It is important to emphasize the importance of high-speed training with a focus on a faster transition from low- to high-speed running to keep up with the play to get into an appropriate position and subsequently make the correct decisions.

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Comparisons and associations among anthropometric indices of first and second division and assistant soccer referees

Samarein,

Samanipour,

Asjodi

et al. 2023

Front. Psychol.

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IntroductionBody composition is an important predictor of performance and a key component of health and physical fitness. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to compare soccer referees of the first and second divisions and field assistant referees from Iran and to analyze associations of a body shape index (ABSI), body adiposity index (BAI), abdominal volume index (AVI), body roundness index (BRI), conicity index (ConI), and body mass index (BMI) with body fat percentage (%BF).MethodsA total of 270 male soccer referees from the first (n = 124) and second (n = 72) divisions and assistant referees (n = 74) participated in this study. Skinfold thickness (measured at the chest, biceps, triceps, subscapular, abdominal, iliac crest, and front thigh), height, weight, hip circumference, and waist circumference were assessed to evaluate waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), %BF, and also ABSI, BRI, BAI, ConI, and AVI according to the ISAK protocol.ResultsThe main results indicated differences in WHR, WHtR, ABSI, BRI, AVI, ConI, and BF% with the assistant referees presenting higher values (p < 0.05). When considering the backward selection model, there were some associations with %BF in each group, specifically BMI, BAI, and ABSI in the first division; BMI, WHR, and ABSI in the second division; and BMI in the assistant referee group (all p < 0.05).DiscussionThe present study did not confirm the hypothesis that the first-division referees presented better body composition-related variables than the second division or assistant referees. Instead, it showed that the assistant referees that participated in both divisions showed a tendency to higher values which suggests that the level of division is not a major factor when analyzing body composition.

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Match activity profile and heart rate responses of top-level soccer referees during Brazilian national first and second division and regional championships

Cited by 4 publications

References 32 publications

Physical and Physiological Demands of Amateur Portuguese Field and Assistant Football Referees

Physical and Physiological Demands of Amateur Portuguese Field and Assistant Football Referees

High-Speed Efforts of Elite Association Football Referees in National and International Matches

Comparisons and associations among anthropometric indices of first and second division and assistant soccer referees

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