“…An interesting observation was that the stage of pregancy at which the irradiation was carried out had a decisive influence upon the type of malformation produced. Therapeutic x-ray and radium irradiation of the human pelvis are also very likely to cause malformations of the foetus (Aschenheim, 1920;Zappert, 1926;Murphy, 1928;Goldstein and Murphy, 1929a). Murphy reported a study of 106 women who had been exposed to x-ray and radium irradiation during pregnancy for various reasons; seventy-five of them gave birth to children at term, and thirtyeight of these were abnormal.…”