Mast cell-derived exosomes at the stimulated acupoints activating the neuro-immune regulation

Chen, Bin; Li, Mingyue; Guo, Yi; Zhao, Xue; Lim, Huimin Calista

doi:10.1007/s11655-016-2269-8

Cited by 17 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Mast cell exosomes contain precursors of TNF‐α and proteases, both of which are critical players in inflammatory and neuropathic pain in several pain‐associated conditions. Mast cell exosomes have been demonstrated to interact with sensory nerve fibers, leading to the release of SP and activation of both mast cells and nociceptors involved in pain hypersensitivity . Because of their small size (30‐150 nm), exosomes can migrate and elicit an effect at longer distances.…”

Section: Molecular Mechanisms Of Mast Cell Activation and Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mast cell‐neural interactions contribute to pain and itch

Gupta

Harvima

2018

Immunological Reviews

190

163

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Mast cells are best recognized for their role in allergy and anaphylaxis, but increasing evidence supports their role in neurogenic inflammation leading to pain and itch. Mast cells act as a "power house" by releasing algogenic and pruritogenic mediators, which initiate a reciprocal communication with specific nociceptors on sensory nerve fibers. Consequently, nerve fibers release inflammatory and vasoactive neuropeptides, which in turn activate mast cells in a feedback mechanism, thus promoting a vicious cycle of mast cell and nociceptor activation leading to neurogenic inflammation and pain/pruritus. Mechanisms underlying mast cell differentiation, activation, and intercellular interactions with inflammatory, vascular, and neural systems are deeply influenced by their microenvironment, imparting enormous heterogeneity and complexity in understanding their contribution to pain and pruritus. Neurogenic inflammation is central to both pain and pruritus, but specific mediators released by mast cells to promote this process may vary depending upon their location, stimuli, underlying pathology, gender, and species. Therefore, in this review, we present the contribution of mast cells in pathological conditions, including distressing pruritus exacerbated by psychologic stress and experienced by the majority of patients with psoriasis and atopic dermatitis and in different pain syndromes due to mastocytosis, sickle cell disease, and cancer.

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Section: Molecular Mechanisms Of Mast Cell Activation and Interactionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mast cell‐neural interactions contribute to pain and itch

Gupta

Harvima

2018

Immunological Reviews

190

163

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“…It is worthwhile pointing out that the location and functional status of acupoints are considered dynamic within a certain range of time and space, varying with different physiological and pathological conditions [ 6 – 7 ]. It has also been reported that MCs not only induce a neuro-immuno response by the release of inflammatory mediators following acupuncture; they also play a crucial role in the cross-talk among the circulatory, nervous and immune networks at acupoints [ 8 – 9 ]. However, the current studies were limited to the post-acupuncture intervention period and focused on the response of MCs’ to acupuncture at acupoints or in effector organs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mast cells are important regulator of acupoint sensitization via the secretion of tryptase, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and histamine

et al. 2018

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Mast cells (MCs) play a crucial role in mediating the establishment of networks among the circulatory, nervous and immune system at acupoints. However, the changes which occur in MCs during acupoint sensitization, i.e. the dynamic transformation of an acupoint from a "silenced" to an "activated" status, remain uncharacterized. To investigate the morphological and functional changes of MCs as an aid to understanding the cellular mechanism underlying acupoint sensitization, a rat model of knee osteoarthritis (OA) was induced by an injection of mono-iodoacetate (MIA) on day 0. On day 14, toluidine blue and immunofluorescence staining were used to observe the recruitment and degranulation of MCs and the release of mast cell co-expressed mediators: tryptase, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and histamine (HA) at the acupoints Yanglingquan (GB34), Heding (EX-LE2) and Weizhong (BL40). Results showed that the number of MCs as well as the percentages of degranulated and extensively degranulated MCs at the acupoints GB34 and EX-LE2 in the light (A), mild (B), heavy (C) osteoarthritis groups were larger than those in the normal control (N) and normal saline (NS) groups (p < 0.01). Comparisons among the A, B and C groups suggested that the number and the degranulation extent of the MCs at the acupoints GB34 and EX-LE2 were positively correlated with the severity of the disease. Some MCs in the A, B and C group showed the release of 5-HT, HA, and tryptase in degranulation at the acupoints GB34 and EX-LE2. Such changes in MCs were not observed at the acupoint BL40. In conclusion, this study confirmed that acupoint sensitization is associated with the increase in recruitment and degranulation levels of MCs on a acupoint-specific and disease severity-dependent manner. The release of tryptase, 5-HT, and HA during MC degranulation is likely to be one of the cellular mechanisms occurring during acupoint sensitization.

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“…These neuroactive and immunoreactive substances diffuse in extracellular space may in return promote mast cells degranulation, cause autogenous inflammation, as well as mediate acupuncture effects. Therefore, it is believed that mast cells are major cellular participants in triggering neuro‐immune response and initiating acupuncture signals 52,53 . In addition, our recent unpublished data has confirmed that acupuncture analgesia in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) rats and the infiltration of CD68 + macrophages were found to increase in subcutaneous tissue of acupoints after acupuncture.…”

Section: Anatomical Structure Of Acupointsmentioning

confidence: 76%

The neuro-immune microenvironment of acupoints—initiation of acupuncture effectiveness

Gong

et al. 2020

Journal of Leukocyte Biology

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Acupuncture is a centuried and unfading treatment of traditional Chinese medicine, which has been proved to exert curative effects on various disorders. Numerous works have been put in to uncover the effective mechanisms of acupuncture. And the interdependent interaction between acupuncture and acupoint microenvironment is a crucial topic. As a benign minimally invasive stimulation, the insertion and manipulation of needle at acupoint could cause deformation of local connective tissue and secretion of various molecules, such as high mobility group box 1 and ATP. The molecules are secreted into extracellular space and bind to the corresponding receptors thus active NF‐κB, MAPK, ERK pathways on mast cells, fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and monocytes/macrophages, among others. This is supposed to trigger following transcription and translation of immune factors and neural active substance, as well as promote the free ion movement (such as Ca2+ influx) and the expansion of blood vessels to recruit more immune cells to acupoint. Finally, acupuncture could enhance network connectivity of local microenvironment at acupoints. The earlier mentioned substances further act on a variety of receptors in local nerve endings, transmitting electrical and biochemical signals to the CNS, and giving full play to the acupuncture action. In conclusion, we portrayed a neuro‐immune microenvironment network of acupoints that medicates the acupuncture action, and would lay a foundation for the systematic study of the complex network relationship of acupoints in the future.

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Mast cell-derived exosomes at the stimulated acupoints activating the neuro-immune regulation

Cited by 17 publications

References 15 publications

Mast cell‐neural interactions contribute to pain and itch

Mast cell‐neural interactions contribute to pain and itch

Mast cells are important regulator of acupoint sensitization via the secretion of tryptase, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and histamine

The neuro-immune microenvironment of acupoints—initiation of acupuncture effectiveness

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