Massospora cicadina Peck: A Fungous Parasite of the Periodical Cicada

Speare, A. T.

doi:10.2307/3753297

Cited by 20 publications

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“…The dome-shaped' conidia [or hypha1 bodies] developed on the ends of some of the hyphae are in most respects similar to those of Empusa and its allies, except that they are apparently not shot off with such violence; in Massospora cicadina Peck, however, there is a close parallel, for the conidia are liberated in the body of the subterranean stages of the insect host, as they are in the fluid and ,semi-fluid tissues of mackerel, and the radial germination of the conidia in the insect is also very similar. Azygospores are produced by bu9.s from hypha1 bodies into which the protoplasm flows (Speare, 1921); a tentative analogy to this may be made by comparing the bud-like omgrowth of protoplasm from the emptied ,parene hypha (sometimes growing from a hypha1 body) which 'C precedes the production of ch1amydospores(see Fig. 1).…”

Section: Discussionand Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ichthyosporidium Hoferi (Plehn & Mulsow, 1911), An Internal Fungoid Parasite of the Mackerel

Sproston

1944

J. Mar. Biol. Ass.

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A fungus has been found causing a fatal disease among mackerel in British waters, and a very high rate of infection has been maintained for over three years. It is spread throughout the viscera by the circulation, being particularly common in the kidney and spleen: it is very rare in the muscles and has never been found in the gonads or central nervous system of these fish.Growth of the aseptate, sparsely branched hyphae is usually radial, from one of three types of central body. The length and thickness of the hyphae varies according to the density of the infected tissue and the degree of resistance which is set up. Connective tissue capsules are laid down round spores and hyphal bodies, occluding the small vessels or capillaries in which they become lodged. Growth of the parasite stretches the capsule, which may become a tubular gallery containing many growth stages. This may effectively seal the parasites which then degenerate; or, more usually, the strong proteolytic enzymes secreted by the advancing hyphae perforate it, and proceed to convert the whole organ into a necrotic mass in which hyphae grow to great lengths. There is always a tendency for hyphal walls to collapse behind the outgrowing hyphae, giving the appearance of hair-like threads with swollen ends.Any of the following developments may occur, apparently on any hypha, in tissue undergoing necrosis: (1) Bunches of large elongated chlamydospores, with a very hard exospore and a thick (?) gelatinous endospore—a germination pore is present; (2) Single dome-shaped conidia (like those of Entomophthoraceae); (3) Hyphal bodies of various shapes, either growing at once where they become lodged or becoming rounded and encysted—these may subdivide irregularly, each spherule having a separate cyst; (4) Branched conidiophores with rounded tips which contain endo-conidia—liberated as minute amoeboid bodies into the blood vessels; (5) Simple clavate sporangia from the ends of unbranched hyphae, also containing endo-conidia; (6) Hyphal fusions of numerous kinds, immediately proceeding to further outgrowths of similar hyphae; (7) ‘Spores produced by hyphal fusion’: fusion of two hyphae followed by the participation of neighbouring hyphae which also contribute to form the outer, resistant, rugose wall.

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Section: Discussionand Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ichthyosporidium Hoferi (Plehn & Mulsow, 1911), An Internal Fungoid Parasite of the Mackerel

Sproston

1944

J. Mar. Biol. Ass.

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“…Mycosis follows a predictable phenology. Early in a periodical cicada emergence, “Stage I” infected cicadas produce haploid conidiospores capable of infecting other actively chorusing adult cicadas 16–18 . Later in the emergence, “Stage II” cicadas infected by conidiospores produce diploid resting spores that fall to the soil and complete the fungal life cycle by infecting the next generation of cicada nymphs due to emerge 13 or 17 years later 18,19 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Massospora clearly modifies cicada phenotypes in ways contrary to the cicadas’ interests. Both Stage I and Stage II infections cause distention and loss of the terminal abdominal segments, genitalia included, in both sexes 16–18 ; the breached abdomen exposes infective spores and allows their dispersal (Fig. 1).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cantrall’s 22 informal survey suggested higher infection rates (unspecified whether Stage I or II) in females than in males, but Speare 16 noted that infections (unspecified whether Stage I or II) are more prevalent in males. Interestingly, more systematic surveys, such as White and Lloyd 23 , found no difference in Stage I infection rates in males and females but both Lloyd et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A specialized fungal parasite (Massospora cicadina) hijacks the sexual signals of periodical cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada)

Cooley

Marshall

Hill

2018

Sci Rep

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Male periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) infected with conidiospore-producing (“Stage I”) infections of the entomopathogenic fungus Massospora cicadina exhibit precisely timed wing-flick signaling behavior normally seen only in sexually receptive female cicadas. Male wing-flicks attract copulation attempts from conspecific males in the chorus; close contact apparently spreads the infective conidiospores. In contrast, males with “Stage II” infections that produce resting spores that wait for the next cicada generation do not produce female-specific signals. We propose that these complex fungus-induced behavioral changes, which resemble apparently independently derived changes in other cicada-Massospora systems, represent a fungus “extended phenotype” that hijacks cicadas, turning them into vehicles for fungus transmission at the expense of the cicadas’ own interests.

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“…Massospora spp. is elegant predators of cicadas [3]. They lie in the soil as resting spores for as much as 17 years before infecting emerging cicada nymphs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The South Dakota Pine Bark Beetle Caper

Juttner¹,

Checkman²,

Magnus³

2015

JAST-B

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Abstract:The aim of this study is the creation of a new, economical and bio-rational control protocol for epidemic infestations of mountain pine beetles (Dendroctonous ponderosae). A comparison of eight different materials for mortality to mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonous ponderosae) done in 2002 was interrupted by a seven year hiatus. Field preparations of an entomopathogenic fungus (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) sprayed into colonies of Formosan subterranean termites (Coptotermes formosanus) in trees in the New Orleans area since 1997, Boxelder bugs in Montana, homopterous sucking insects on citrus and early instar buck moth (Hemileuca maia) caterpillars in oaks trees, gave us excellent routine operational control for a number of years. From 2009 to 2013, numerous field sites in South Dakota, Montana and Colorado were sprayed with a mixture of entomopathogenic fungus (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) mixed with the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae in a preparation, which we call "Pork'n'beans". And the experiment produced dramatic positive results. These results, recorded in this paper, were repeatedly suppressed by the state and federal government-sponsored forestry establishment. Description of the work and a discussion of possible motives are included.

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Massospora cicadina Peck: A Fungous Parasite of the Periodical Cicada

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

Ichthyosporidium Hoferi (Plehn & Mulsow, 1911), An Internal Fungoid Parasite of the Mackerel

Ichthyosporidium Hoferi (Plehn & Mulsow, 1911), An Internal Fungoid Parasite of the Mackerel

A specialized fungal parasite (Massospora cicadina) hijacks the sexual signals of periodical cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Magicicada)

The South Dakota Pine Bark Beetle Caper

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