Massive photon and dark energy

Abstract

We investigate cosmology of massive electrodynamics and explore the possibility whether massive photon could provide an explanation of the dark energy. The action is given by the scalar-vector-tensor theory of gravity which is obtained by nonminimal coupling of the massive Stueckelberg QED with gravity and its cosmological consequences are studied by paying a particular attention to the role of photon mass. We find that the theory allows cosmological evolution where the radiationand matter-dominated epochs are followed by a long period of virtually constant dark energy that closely mimics ΛCDM model and the main source of the current acceleration is provided by the nonvanishing photon mass governed by the relation Λ ∼ m 2 . A detailed numerical analysis shows that the nonvanishing photon mass of the order of ∼ 10 −34 eV is consistent with the current observations. This magnitude is far less than the most stringent limit on the photon mass available so far, which is of the order of m ≤ 10 −27 eV.

Dark Matter and Dark Energy due to Photons that Attract or Repel Each Other

“…It would be impossible to perform any experiment which establishes the exact vanishing of the photon mass, but the ultimate upper limit on the photon rest mass, m, can be estimated by using the uncertainty principle to be Universe. This simple analysis verifies the deeper study of [5], which using the long-lived low-energy photons of the cosmic microwave background. J. Heeck [5], was able to derive the first direct bound on the photon lifetime from an analysis of the oldest light that exists in the universe.…”

“…A detailed numerical analysis shows that the nonvanishing photon mass on the order of 34 10 eV   is consistent with current observations. This magnitude is far less than the most stringent limit on the photon mass available so far, which is on the order of 27 10 eV   , [4][5][6][7][8].…”

“…Heeck's calculations neglect interaction of photons with matter after the time of last scattering . These matter interactions could effects significantly, on the photon's lifetime value estimated by Kouwn et al [5], who investigated the cosmology of massive electrodynamics and explored the possibility whether the massive photon could provide an explanation of dark energy. The action is given by the scalar-vectortensor theory of gravity, which is obtained by nonminimal coupling of the massive Stueckelberg QED with gravity; its cosmological consequences are studied by paying particular attention to the role of photon mass, where the radiation-and matter-dominated epochs are followed by a long period of virtually constant dark energy that closely mimics a  cold dark matter ΛCDM model.…”

A Unique Mathematical Derivation of the Fundamental Laws of Nature Based on a New Algebraic-Axiomatic (Matrix) Approach ‡

“…However, similar to the system of Equation (29), in the course of obtaining the solutions (49) or (49-1) from the system of linear Equation ( that are similar to condition (47). Here also by the same approach, since the parameters m 4 , m 6 , m 7 , m 8 , m 9 have not appeared in the solution (49), it can be assumed that m 4 = m 6 = m 7 = m 8 = m 9 = 0, and the set of conditions (50) are reduced to the following system of homogeneous quadratic equations which are similar to the quadratic Equation (20) (corresponding to the system of linear Equation (28)): The conditions (50-1) are also similar to the quadratic Equation (21). Hence using again the general parametric solution (45-1), the following general parametric solutions for the system of homogeneous quadratic Equation (50-1) are obtained directly: (49), the general parametric solution of the system of linear Equation (30) (and its corresponding quadratic Equation (23)) is obtained in terms of the arbitrary parameters…”

“…Hence, this approach could be also applied for massive neutrinos concluding that their masses are generated by the coupling torsion fields (of the type (79-3)). Such massive particle fields coupled with the torsions (of the type (79-3)) of the background space-time geometry could be completely responsible for the mysteries of dark energy and dark matter [49,50].…”