Mass traumatic terror in Oklahoma City and the phases of adaptational coping, part I: Possible effects of intentional injury/harm on victims' post-traumatic responses

Abstract

The bombing in Oklahoma City

Child traumatherapy: Its role in managing the effects of trauma, loss, damaged attachment, and dissociation in children exposed to lethal urban community violence

“…Clinical experience has shown that the pervasive impairments in biological, psychological, and social areas of functioning in violence-traumatized individuals require an intervention strategy which integrates multiple schools of therapy and pharmacotherapy (Crump, 1984;Parson, 1984Parson, , 1994aParson, , 1995bParson, , 1995c. Additionally, the pervasive effects of trauma in children exposed to violence tend to require a conceptualization that is beyond single-theory techniques--one that employs, for example, behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and other therapies.…”

“…Studies on the effects of violence on children's lives have focused on effects of violence on children's functioning and well-being (Parson, 1995a;Pynoos et al, 1987), on families (Gelles & Conte, 1990;, on society (Surgeon General's Workshop on Violence and Public Health, 1991), on prevention considerations (Bell, 1992;Prothrow-Stith, 1991) and intervention strategies (Parson, 1995b(Parson, , 1995cPynoos & Nader, 1988), on neighborhood infrastructures, as well as on the economic impact, and needed legislative initiatives ('A Vision for America 's Future," 1989).…”

“…Violence is a choice is to replace violence is a compulsion, but this transformation is not automatic for many children. The following represent a number of principles in prevention and management of violence (Bell, 1992;Marans, 1994;Parson, 1994aParson, , 1995aParson, , 1995bParson, , 1995cProthrow-Stith, 1991): 9 Identifying and treating victims and victimizers of nonlethal violence; for example, child abuse, spousal abuse, etc. and abusers).…”

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“…Other studies have thus shown that dissociative symptoms present at the time of combat trauma were better predictors for post-traumatic pathology, even better than the intensity variable (shown as the best predictor of current trauma psychopathology in previous studies). Dissociative symptoms have been found in child and pediatric victims of abusive violence and neglect (Parson, 1995c(Parson, , 1997aPutnam & Guroff, 1986;of Suhr, 1986), of disasters (Cardena & Spiegel, 1993;Lindy & Titchener, 1983;Parson, 1995aParson, , 1995cSanders & Giolas, 1991), of burn injury, of physical and sexual violence (Parson, 1996c;Perry et al, 1992), and in combat veterans (Bremner & Brett, 1997;Parson, 1984).…”