Mass Spectrometry Based Profiling and Imaging of Various Ginsenosides from Panax ginseng Roots at Different Ages

Abstract

(1) Background: Panax ginseng root is one of the most important herbal products, and the profiling of ginsenosides is critical for the quality control of ginseng roots at different ages in the herbal markets. Furthermore, interest in assessing the contents as well as the localization of biological compounds has been growing. The objective of this study is to carry out the mass spectrometry (MS)-based profiling and imaging of ginsenosides to assess ginseng roots at different ages; (2) Methods: Optimal ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time of flight/MS (UPLC-QTOF/MS) was used to profile various ginsenosides from P. ginseng roots. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI)-time of flight (TOF)/MS-based imaging was also optimized to visualize ginsenosides in ginseng roots; (3) Results: UPLC-QTOF/MS was used to profile 30 ginsenosides with high mass accuracy, with an in-house library constructed for the fast and exact identification of ginsenosides. Using this method, the levels of 14 ginsenosides were assessed in P. ginseng roots cultivated for 4, 5, and 6 years. The optimal MALDI-imaging MS (IMS) was also applied to visualize the 14 ginsenosides in ginseng roots. As a result, the MSI cross sections showed the localization of 4 ginsenoside ions ([M + K]+) in P. ginseng roots at different ages; (4) Conclusions: The contents and localization of various ginsenosides differ depending on the cultivation years of P. ginseng roots. Furthermore, this study demonstrated the utility of MS-based profiling and imaging of ginsenosides for the quality control of ginseng roots.

Ginseng Extract Ameliorates the Negative Physiological Effects of Heat Stress by Supporting Heat Shock Response and Improving Intestinal Barrier Integrity: Evidence from Studies with Heat-Stressed Caco-2 Cells, C. elegans and Growing Broilers

“…Ginsenosides standards were obtained from Extrasynthese (Lyon, France). The extract was analysed with HPLC-MS after a modified protocol described elsewhere [26,58,59]. The samples were dissolved in methanol and separated on a Surveyor HPLC (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) equipped with an Accucore C18 column (150 mm × 3 mm, 2.6 µm; Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA) using a gradient of 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (B): from 80% A to 70% A in 5 min, to 55% A in 15 min, to 25% A in 10 min which was kept for 2 min.…”

“…Tentative identification based on the m/z value and retention time as described in Lee et al, 2017[26]. Quantitated ginsenosides are highlighted in bold.…”

Quality evaluation of Panax ginseng adventitious roots based on ginsenoside constituents, functional genes, and ferric‐reducing antioxidant power

“…Compared with the 5Y and 30Y, notoginsenoside Fa and notoginsenoside R 2 are not detected from ginseng tissue cultures. Based on UPLC‐ESI/MS platform, 16 PPD/PPT‐group ginsenosides were used as biomarkers to distinguish adventitious roots induced by different ginseng cultivars, the abundances of protopanaxadiol group and protopanaxatriol group ginsenosides were not significantly different among cultivars Chunpoong, Sunun and Gopoong (Lee, Ji, et al, ). It has been reported that only Rb 3 was detected in the Aspergillus.…”

“…Changes in plant color or morphology may be associated with secondary metabolites. The variability observed in biomass and metabolite accumulation in P. ginseng adventitious root lines is due to their genotypic differences (Murthy, Lee, & Paek, 2014 (Lee, Ji, et al, 2017). It has been reported that only Rb 3 was detected in the Aspergillus.…”

The Difference between White and Red Ginseng: Variations in Ginsenosides and Immunomodulation

“…In P. ginseng C. A. Meyer, only dammarane-type (both PPD and PPT type) and oleanane-type ginsenosides are detectable, while the ocotillol type exist mainly in the P. quinquefolius L. To date, more than 50 different ginsenosides have been identified in ginseng [16][17][18][19]. The content of ginsenosides in ginseng varies according to the growth/harvest location, harvest season, age, and part of the plant [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28].…”