Mass spectral confirmation of chlorinated and brominated diphenylethers in human adipose tissues

Stanley, J.S.; Cramer, P.H.; Thornburg, K.R.; Remmers, J.C.; Breen, J. J.; Schwemberger, J.

doi:10.1016/0045-6535(91)90143-2

Cited by 69 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…However, when they are, DBDE and other high molecular weight PBDE are major contaminants [14]. For instance, in humans, the presence of DBDE has been reported in mother's milk [15], serum [16,17] and adipose tissue [14,18,19]. These conclusions are also supported by recent data obtained in rat using radio-labeled [ 14 C]-DBDE [20,21], which demonstrate that DBDE bioavailability is above 20%.…”

supporting

confidence: 78%

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging demonstrates the specific localization of deca-bromo-diphenyl-ether residues in the ovaries and adrenal glands of exposed rats

Seyer

Riu²,

Debrauwer³

et al. 2010

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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Deca-bromo-diphenyl ether (DBDE) is one of the most efficient brominated flame retardant (BFR) available on the market. We recently demonstrated that when administered to female rat by oral route, DBDE is efficiently absorbed, with the highest residual concentrations found in two endocrine glands, namely the adrenal glands and the ovaries. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) imaging, a technique usually used for the study of endogenous compounds, was applied for the first time to a persistent organic pollutant, allowing to detect and to precisely localize DBDE residues in these two target tissues. The detection of the bromide ion ( 81 Br isotope) by TOF-SIMS mass spectrometry imaging allowed us to demonstrate a marked cortical tropism of DBDE residues for the adrenal glands in female rats dosed per os 2 mg · kg Ϫ1 DBDE, daily, over 96 h. In ovaries, DBDE residues were found to be concentrated in spots corresponding to part of the corpora lutea. Hepatic residues of DBDE were found to be homogeneously distributed. Due to the intrinsic toxicity of DBDE, its accumulation in the adrenal glands and the ovaries may be connected to the mechanisms of actions by which DBDE could trigger endocrine disruption in mammals. (J Am Soc Mass

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supporting

confidence: 78%

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging demonstrates the specific localization of deca-bromo-diphenyl-ether residues in the ovaries and adrenal glands of exposed rats

Seyer

Riu²,

Debrauwer³

et al. 2010

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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“…In two studies from the United States (74,75), PBDEs were detected in human adipose tissue samples collected in 1987. The presence of PBDEs was demonstrated in all samples (48 composite samples from 865 individuals).…”

Section: Pbde Levels In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology.

Darnerud

Eriksen

Johannesson

et al. 2001

Environ Health Perspect

685

263

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in plastics (concentration, 5--30%) and in textile coatings. Commercial products consist predominantly of penta-, octa-, and decabromodiphenyl ether mixtures, and global PBDE production is about 40,000 tons per year. PBDEs are bioaccumulated and biomagnified in the environment, and comparatively high levels are often found in aquatic biotopes from different parts of the world. During the mid-1970--1980s there was a substantial increase in the PBDE levels with time in both sediments and aquatic biota, whereas the latest Swedish data (pike and guillemot egg) may indicate that levels are at steady state or are decreasing. However, exponentially increasing PBDE levels have been observed in mother's milk during 1972--1997. Based on levels in food from 1999, the dietary intake of PBDE in Sweden has been estimated to be 0.05 microg per day. Characteristic end points of animal toxicity are hepatotoxicity, embryotoxicity, and thyroid effects as well as maternal toxicity during gestation. Recently, behavioral effects have been observed in mice on administration of PBDEs during a critical period after birth. Based on the critical effects reported in available studies, we consider the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) value of the PBDE group to be 1 mg/kg/day (primarily based on effects of pentaBDEs). In conclusion, with the scientific knowledge of today and based on Nordic intake data, the possible consumer health risk from PBDEs appears limited, as a factor of over 10(6) separates the estimated present mean dietary intake from the suggested LOAEL value. However, the presence of many and important data gaps, including those in carcinogenicity, reproduction, and developmental toxicity, as well as additional routes of exposure, make this conclusion only preliminary. Moreover, the time trend of PBDEs in human breast milk is alarming for the future.

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“…3,52,57,58 Comparable levels of tetra-to hexa-BDEs were also found in human adipose tissues from other countries indicating a worldwide increase and bioaccumulation in humans. 55,59,60 PBDEs have been increasing exponentially over the past 25 years in breast milk samples from Sweden. 3 A recent Polish study estimated a daily intake of PBDEs by adult humans at 51 ng/day, while breastfed infants accumulated more than twice that amount (110 ng/day).…”

Section: Bioaccumulation In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are resistant to metabolism and can bioaccumulate in adipose tissues from before birth until death. 25,[51][52][53][54][55] Human uptake is thought to be through inhalation, dermal absorption and consumption of contaminated food. The primary source of exposure to humans is believed to be consumption of contaminated fish, poultry, meat and dairy products.…”

Section: Bioaccumulation In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs): New Pollutants-Old Diseases

Siddiqi

Laessig²,

Reed³

2003

Clinical Medicine & Research

285

145

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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of recalcitrant and bioaccumulative halogenated compounds that have emerged as a major environmental pollutant. PBDEs are used as a flame-retardant and are found in consumer goods such as electrical equipment, construction materials, coatings, textiles and polyurethane foam (furniture padding). Similar in structure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), PBDEs resist degradation in the environment. Less brominated PBDEs like tetra-, penta-and hexa-demonstrate high affinity for lipids and can accumulate in the bodies of animals and humans. Breast milk from North American women contained much higher amounts of PBDEs than levels in breast milk from Swedish women, indicating that North American exposures to PBDEs may be particularly high. Evidence to date suggests that tetra-and penta-BDEs are likely to be the more toxic and bioaccumulative of the PBDE compounds, compared to octa-and deca-congeners. PBDEs are sold as mixtures, under names such as "pentabromodiphenyl ether" and "octabromodiphenyl ether." The pentabromo product is a mixture of tetra-BDEs and penta-BDEs in approximately equal amounts. Pentabromo consists of PBDEs that are believed to be the most toxic.

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Mass spectral confirmation of chlorinated and brominated diphenylethers in human adipose tissues

Cited by 69 publications

References 14 publications

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging demonstrates the specific localization of deca-bromo-diphenyl-ether residues in the ovaries and adrenal glands of exposed rats

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging demonstrates the specific localization of deca-bromo-diphenyl-ether residues in the ovaries and adrenal glands of exposed rats

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology.

Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs): New Pollutants-Old Diseases

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