Mass spectral confirmation and analysis by the Hall detector of mirex and photomirex in Herring Gulls from Lake Ontario

Hallett, Douglas J.; Norstrom, Ross J.; Onuska, Francis I.; Comba, Michael E.; Sampson, Robin

doi:10.1021/jf60208a002

Cited by 48 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 14 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…58,59 The 8-monohydromirex compound was previously named photomirex because photolysis was the most probable route for its formation in Lake Ontario. 60 Mudambi and Hassett (1988) 61 subsequently showed that 8-monohydromirex was formed in Lake Ontario water by photolysis of a chargetransfer complex with dissolved organic matter. Formation of 8-monohydromirex competes with loss, which accounts for the longer half-time (8.5 y) of this compound compared to other CHCs in Lake Ontario (Table 5).…”

Section: Mirex-related Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive re-analysis of archived herring gull eggs reconstructs historical temporal trends in chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination in Lake Ontario and Green Bay, Lake Michigan, 1971–1982

Norstrom

Hebert

2006

J. Environ. Monit.

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Herring gull egg homogenates collected between 1971 and 1982 from a colony in central Lake Ontario (Scotch Bonnet Island) and from a colony in central Green Bay, Lake Michigan (Big Sister Island) were archived in the Canadian Wildlife Service Specimen Bank. Pooled samples (N = 10) were exhaustively analyzed in 1993 for a wide range of individual chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminant (CHC) compounds: DDT, mirex and chlordane compounds and metabolites, chlorobenzenes (CBzs), dieldrin, chlorostyrenes (CSs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and 87 PCB congeners, including the TCDD-like non-ortho and mono-ortho congeners. PCBs and DDTs were the dominant residues in eggs from both Lake Ontario (31-242 mg kg(-1) and 9-64 mg kg(-1)) and Green Bay (34-133 mg kg(-1) and 14-91 mg kg(-1)). SigmaPCBs declined by a factor of 4-5 and DDTs a factor of 4-7 at both colonies between 1971 and 1982. Lake Ontario eggs had significantly higher residues of 2,3,7,8-TCDD (0.2-2.0 microg kg(-1)), HCBz (0.1-4.7 mg kg(-1)), OCS (0.03-0.45 mg kg(-1)), three HpCSs (0.13-0.97 mg kg(-1)), mirex and mirex photodegradation products (2.1-9.2 mg kg(-1)) than Green Bay eggs. HCBz levels in Lake Ontario eggs declined a factor of 40, TCDD and chlorostyrenes a factor of 8-10, and mirex a factor of 4 between 1971-1978. Green Bay eggs had slightly higher levels of chlordane-related compounds, dieldrin and beta-HCH than Lake Ontario eggs. There were no consistent or strong trends in residue levels of these pesticides, PCDDs (except TCDD) and PCDFs in either lake, indicating that rates of input and removal of these CHCs in the lakes were much closer in the early 1970s than was the case for the other compounds.

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Section: Mirex-related Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive re-analysis of archived herring gull eggs reconstructs historical temporal trends in chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination in Lake Ontario and Green Bay, Lake Michigan, 1971–1982

Norstrom

Hebert

2006

J. Environ. Monit.

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“…Mirex accumulates primarily in adipose tissue, liver, kidneys, and brain [3]. Mirex and its major degradation product (photomirex) have been isolated in soil samples, fish, birds, and mammals throughout the United States [4][5][6][7][8]. Because of its environmental stability and lipophilic properties, mirex is considered a potential hazard to human and animal health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Embryotoxicity of the pesticide mirex in vitro

El-Bayomy

Smoak

Branch

2002

Teratog Carcinog Mutagen

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Mirex is a pesticide that is environmentally stable, accumulates in body tissues, and is embryo- and feto-toxic at high concentrations in vivo. This study is the first to evaluate the effects of mirex on organogenesis-stage embryos in vitro. Mouse embryos were exposed on gestation day 8.5 for 24 h in whole-embryo culture to mirex at 100, 200, or 400 microg/ml dissolved in xylene and compared with xylene-treated controls (1, 2, or 4 microl/ml, respectively) and untreated controls. Embryos were evaluated for malformations, somite number, total protein content, and visceral yolk sac circulation. Potential embryotoxic mechanisms were evaluated by using PCNA stain for cell proliferation and the TUNEL assay for apoptotic cell death. Mirex-exposed embryos demonstrated increased malformation rates and decreased total embryonic protein contents at > or =200 microg/ml mirex, and decreased somite numbers and VYS circulation at > or =100 microg/ml mirex, compared with xylene-treated controls. There was no difference in PCNA levels or TUNEL staining in mirex-treated embryos compared with xylene-treated controls or untreated controls. Thus, mirex is embryotoxic in vitro to early organogenesis stage mouse embryos at concentrations > or =100 microg/ml, but the effects do not appear to be mediated by changes in cell proliferation or apoptotic cell death.

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“…The surprising discovery of mirex in Lake Ontario fish (1) sparked a considerable effort to monitor mirex concentrations in sediment (2) and various species of fish (3) from the lake. In the course of investigating the levels of mirex in herring gulls, which were proposed as a monitor species for organochlorine contamination of the Great Lakes, photomirex (8monohydromirex) was discovered to be an important environmental contaminant as well as mirex (4,5). Levels of photomirex were estimated to be greater than 30% of mirex levels in eggs over the period [1972][1973][1974][1975].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mirex and its degradation products in Great Lakes herring gulls

Norstrom¹,

Hallett²,

Onuska³

et al. 1980

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Nitrated extracts of herring gull eggs from seven Lake Ontario colonies in 1977 were analyzed by glass capillary gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Five minor mirex-related compounds were found in addition to mirex and the previously identified 8-monohydromirex (photomirex). The levels (milligrams/kilogram wet weight ± standard deviation) of all seven compounds were determined by high-resolution gas chromatography: 2,8-dihydromirex (0.016 ± 0.005); C10CI10H2 (II), possibly 3,8-dihydromirex (0.011 ± 0.003); 8monohydromirex (0.95 ± 0.14); CioClnH (III), possibly 9monohydromirex (0.077 ± 0.019); 10-monohydromirex (0.199 ± 0.025); mirex (2.58 ± 0.40); and C10CI12 (II) consistent with an isomer of mirex (0.039 ± 0.011). It was concluded that photodegradation was the only feasible mechanism for formation of these compounds, but that mirex and its photoproducts rapidly became sequestered in the ecosystem and protected from further degradation.

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Mass spectral confirmation and analysis by the Hall detector of mirex and photomirex in Herring Gulls from Lake Ontario

Cited by 48 publications

References 14 publications

Comprehensive re-analysis of archived herring gull eggs reconstructs historical temporal trends in chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination in Lake Ontario and Green Bay, Lake Michigan, 1971–1982

Comprehensive re-analysis of archived herring gull eggs reconstructs historical temporal trends in chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination in Lake Ontario and Green Bay, Lake Michigan, 1971–1982

Embryotoxicity of the pesticide mirex in vitro

Mirex and its degradation products in Great Lakes herring gulls

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