Mass production of entomopathogenic fungi—state of the art

Identity, Prevalence, and Pathogenicity of Entomopathogenic Fungi Infecting Invasive Polistes (Vespidae: Polistinae) Paper Wasps in New Zealand

“…The formulation of a carrier material, solution, or other means of delivery must be properly suited to the infection pathways of the fungal agent. The delivery method must consider long-term propagule viability, relatively narrow environmental windows for completion of the fungi life cycle, and the level of host specificity [ 15 , 19 , 27 , 30 , 96 ]. While generalist entomopathogens such as most Beauveria species [ 16 , 97 , 98 ] are often used as biological control agents in agricultural or horticultural settings, they may not be suitable as biocontrol agents for invasive species in conservation contexts due to the potential for non-target effects.…”

“…However, several fungal species may also proliferate via the oral tract of the host if propagules are ingested [ 14 , 25 ]. There is ongoing interest in the research of fungal entomopathogens as biological control agents for Arthropod pests [ 19 , 26 , 27 ]. Several species, such as Beauveria bassiana , B. brongniartii , Lecanicillium lecanii , Metarhizium anisopliae , Isaria fumosoroseus , and Hirsutella thompsonii are increasingly economically important in commercially developed mycoinsecticides [ 15 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ].…”

Encapsulation of the psyllid‐pathogenic fungusPandorasp. nov. inedit. and experimental infection of target insects1

“…Fungi from the Entomophthorales are known for their host specificity, their fast speed‐to‐kill and for their ability to cause natural epizootics among insects from different orders 16–20 . Despite their potential, no biological control agents based on an Entomophthorales have been commercialized so far, due to difficulties of growing and mass‐producing them in‐vitro and inconsistent results in field trials 16,21–25 . Moreover, research regarding pathogenicity and virulence and thus the suitability of entomophthoralean species for pest control strategies of psyllids in orchards is scarce 26 …”

Producción de conidios de Metarhizium robertsii en biorreactores de fermentación en medio sólido de escala laboratorio a piloto

“…Por ello, es que gran parte de los procesos de producción de esporas de HE se llevan a cabo por cultivo en sustratos sólidos. Entre ellos existen procesos simples como el realizado en biorreactores de bolsa o altamente tecnificados como el desarrollado por Laverlam International Corporation (Multinacional) en torres de cultivo sólido (Jaronski, 2014). Los diferentes procesos estudiados y establecidos para la producción de conidios de HE se estudiarán en la siguiente sección.…”

“…Para cubrir la creciente demanda de productos formulados con HE, la mayoría de las empresas productoras han adoptado el sistema de producción en biorreactor de bolsa (Jaronski, 2014). Sin embargo, la necesidad de aumentar los rendimientos de producción y calidad de los conidios ha motivado la generación e implementación de nueva tecnología, usando biorreactores de cultivo sólido estáticos y agitados que permitan un proceso controlado y de mayor escala.…”