“…Two specialist, insect biological control agents from the native range of A. donax in Spain, including the wasp Tetramesa romana Walker (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) (Figure 13) and the armored scale Rhizaspidiotus donacis (Leonardi) (Homoptera: Diaspidae) (Figure 14) were mass-reared and first released in the lower Rio Grande basin of Texas, USA, and Mexico between 2009 and 2012 (Moran et al 2022; Racelis et al 2010; Villarreal et al 2016). The wasp T. romana lays eggs in canes and side shoots, causing formation of galls (abnormal plant growth) clustered at main and lateral shoot tips and resembling one large gall (Figure 13).…”