Mass Mortalities Associated with Viral Nervous Necrosis in Hatchery-Reared Sea Bass Lates calcarifer in the Philippines

Protective immunity against viral nervous necrosis (VNN) in brown-marbled grouper (Epinephelus fuscogutattus) following vaccination with inactivated betanodavirus

“…Single administration of this monovalent vaccine in grouper is anticipated to be effective against VNN during net-cage culture in the open sea. Further, the generated data also indicate the potential use of this inactivated vaccine against betanodavirus infection in other grouper species [39e41] and other warm-water marine fish species such as sea bass [42,43] and pompano (Trachinotus blochii) (unpublished data) since mortalities of these fish species have been found to be caused by betanodavirus strains belonging to a single genotype, i.e. RGNNV type [29,44].…”

Betanodavirus of Marine and Freshwater Fish: Distribution, Genomic Organization, Diagnosis and Control Measures

“…Diseased fish show various clinical symptoms which include reduced appetite, emaciation, colour change (darkening), abnormal (whirling) swimming pattern, neurological dysfunction, exophthalmia, swim bladder hyperinflation, floating belly up with inflation of swim bladder, anorexia and gas accumulation and extensive mortality ( Fig. 1) [6,37,38,49,64,77,85,97,102,117,126], (Shetty et al unpublished data). Gross lesions are uncommon, but overinflation of the swimbladder has been observed [37,92].…”

Susceptibility of Fish Species Cultured in Mangrove Brackish Area to Piscine Nodavirus

“…Recently we documented outbreaks of VNN among hatchery-reared larvae of orange-spotted grouper and Asian sea bass in the Philippines 10,11 . By phylogenetic analysis, the isolates from the orange-spotted grouper and Asian sea bass belonged to RGNNV genotype (unpublished data).…”