Mass Loss from a Stretching Semitransparent Sheet of Liquid Tin

Liu, Bo; Kurilovich, Dmitry; Gelderblom, Hanneke; Versolato, Oscar

doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.13.024035

Cited by 20 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(96 reference statements)

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“…By making use of a "pre-pulse" to deform a droplet into a thin sheet [13,47], studying the ablation of (free-falling) liquid-metal thin films is within experimental reach. As shown, the inverse-square scaling of the ablation threshold with laser intensity as presented in Sec 3.2 arises from the presence of one-dimensional thermal diffusion.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanosecond laser ablation threshold of liquid tin microdroplets

et al. 2022

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The laser ablation threshold is an important parameter that governs the response of materials to intense laser irradiation. Here we study the ablation threshold of liquid tin, by irradiating tin microdroplets with nanosecond laser pulses having finely controlled temporal shape and duration. We use the time-dependent reflection from the droplet as the main observable, which exhibits a sharp decrease in magnitude at a given time instance that depends on the laser intensity. This moment marks the generation of a plasma that strongly absorbs the following incident laser light, rapidly expands, and thereby sets in motion the remainder of the liquid droplet. We find an inverse-square dependence of this plasma-onset time on laser intensity and attribute this scaling to the presence of one-dimensional heat diffusion during irradiation. This scaling and its one-dimensional thermal origin is strongly established in literature and follows from a square-root scaling of the thermal diffusion depth with time. Our experiment unambiguously shows that this scaling law holds for our specific case of nanosecond laser impact on tin microdroplets. The results presented in this work are of particular interest to target preparation and metrology in extreme-ultraviolet sources utilizing tin microdroplet targets.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanosecond laser ablation threshold of liquid tin microdroplets

et al. 2022

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“…In the experiments, micrometer-sized liquid tin droplets are first irradiated with a relatively low intensity (∼10 9 W cm −2 ), 1 µm wavelength PP (see figure 1(a)) from an Nd:YAG laser. The PP propels the droplets and deforms them into extended, disk-like targets of diameter d T [50][51][52][53] with typical radial expansion speeds of ∼90 m s −1 . The target diameter is precisely controlled via the time delay between pre-and main pulse, which ranges 0-3 µs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A constant PP energy of 8.4 mJ is used throughout the experiments. We use circular polarization, to ensure that the produced targets are radially symmetric [52,54]. The produced tin targets are observed under angles of 90 • (side view) and 150 • (front view) with respect to the laser beam using combinations of CCD cameras and long-distance microscopes (see figure 1(b)).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of angularly resolved EUV emission from 2-µm-wavelength laser-driven Sn plasmas using preformed liquid disk targets

Schupp

Behnke

Bouza

et al. 2021

J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.

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The emission properties of tin plasmas, produced by the irradiation of preformed liquid tin targets by several-ns-long 2 µm-wavelength laser pulses, are studied in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) regime. In a two-pulse scheme, a pre-pulse laser is first used to deform tin microdroplets into thin, extended disks before the main (2 µm) pulse creates the EUV-emitting plasma. Irradiating 30-to 300 µm-diameter targets with 2 µm laser pulses, we find that the efficiency in creating EUV light around 13.5 nm follows the fraction of laser light that overlaps with the target. Next, the effects of a change in 2 µm drive laser intensity (0.6-1.8 × 10 11 W cm −2 ) and pulse duration (3.7-7.4 ns) are studied. It is found that the angular dependence of the emission of light within a 2% bandwidth around 13.5 nm and within the backward 2π hemisphere around the incoming laser beam is almost independent of intensity and duration of the 2 µm drive laser. With increasing target diameter, the emission in this 2% bandwidth becomes increasingly anisotropic, with a greater fraction of light being emitted into the hemisphere of the incoming laser beam. For direct comparison, a similar set of experiments is performed with a 1 µm-wavelength drive laser. Emission spectra, recorded in a 5.5-25.5 nm wavelength range, show significant self-absorption of light around 13.5 nm in the 1 µm case, while in the 2 µm case only an opacity-related broadening of the spectral feature at 13.5 nm is observed. This work demonstrates the enhanced capabilities and performance of 2 µm-driven plasmas produced from disk targets when compared to 1 µm-driven plasmas, providing strong motivation for the use of 2 µm lasers as drive lasers in future high-power sources of EUV light.

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“…1(a)) from an Nd:YAG laser. The PP propels the droplets and deforms them into extended, disk-like targets of diameter d T [48][49][50][51] with typical radial expansion speeds of ∼90 m/s. The target diameter is precisely controlled via the time delay between pre-and main pulse, which ranges 0-3 µs.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A constant PP energy of 8.4 mJ is used throughout the experiments. We use circular polarization, to ensure that the produced targets are radially symmetric [50,52]. The produced tin targets are observed under angles of 90°(side view) and 150°(front view) with respect to the laser beam using combinations of CCD cameras and long-distance microscopes (see Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of angularly resolved EUV emission from 2-$μ$m-wavelength laser-driven Sn plasmas using preformed liquid disk targets

Schupp,

Behnke,

Bouza

et al. 2021

Preprint

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The emission properties of tin plasmas, produced by the irradiation of preformed liquid tin targets by severalns-long 2-µm-wavelength laser pulses, are studied in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) regime. In a two-pulse scheme, a pre-pulse laser is first used to deform tin microdroplets into thin, extended disks before the main (2 µm) pulse creates the EUV-emitting plasma. Irradiating 30-to 300-µm-diameter targets with 2-µm laser pulses, we find that the efficiency in creating EUV light around 13.5 nm follows the fraction of laser light that overlaps with the target. Next, the effects of a change in 2-µm drive laser intensity (0.6-1.8 × 10 11 W/cm 2 ) and pulse duration (3.7-7.4 ns) are studied. It is found that the angular dependence of the emission of light within a 2% bandwidth around 13.5 nm and within the backward 2π hemisphere around the incoming laser beam is almost independent of intensity and duration of the 2-µm drive laser. With increasing target diameter, the emission in this 2% bandwidth becomes increasingly anisotropic, with a greater fraction of light being emitted into the hemisphere of the incoming laser beam. For direct comparison, a similar set of experiments is performed with a 1-µm-wavelength drive laser. Emission spectra, recorded in a 5.5-25.5 nm wavelength range, show significant self-absorption of light around 13.5 nm in the 1-µm case, while in the 2-µm case only an opacity-related broadening of the spectral feature at 13.5 nm is observed. This work demonstrates the enhanced capabilities and performance of 2-µm-driven plasmas produced from disk targets when compared to 1-µmdriven plasmas, providing strong motivation for the use of 2-µm lasers as drive lasers in future high-power sources of EUV light.

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Mass Loss from a Stretching Semitransparent Sheet of Liquid Tin

Cited by 20 publications

References 27 publications

Nanosecond laser ablation threshold of liquid tin microdroplets

Nanosecond laser ablation threshold of liquid tin microdroplets

Characterization of angularly resolved EUV emission from 2-µm-wavelength laser-driven Sn plasmas using preformed liquid disk targets

Characterization of angularly resolved EUV emission from 2-$μ$m-wavelength laser-driven Sn plasmas using preformed liquid disk targets

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