“…Various topology optimization strategies have been used in phononic materials to maximize the band gap between two adjacent bands in the phononic band diagram, where the common design variables correspond to the material properties or geometrical characteristics of the struts used to create the lattice. Some of the optimization tools used include genetic algorithms (GA) (Gazonas et al, 2006;Bilal and Hussein, 2011;Liu et al, 2014), particle swarm optimization (PSO) (Guo and Zhang, 2022;Tikani, Ziaei-Rad, and Moosavi, 2023), bidirectional evolutionary structural optimization (BESO) (Fan et al, 2016), and gradient-based optimization algorithms (Yi et al, 2019;Quinteros et al, 2021a;Cool et al, 2024). Other investigations have implemented multiobjective optimization strategies for phononic materials, considering mass or stiffness restrictions (Dong et al, 2014), the topology of perforated plates (Hedayatrasa et al, 2016b), or phononic plates with tunable band gaps under equiaxial stretch (Hedayatrasa et al, 2016a).…”