Mass-Independent Isotopic Composition of Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Materials

Thiemens, M. H.; Shaheen, R.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-095975-7.00406-x

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 238 publications

(252 reference statements)

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“…Mass-independent isotopic compositions in S-bearing molecules have been observed in the Earth's oldest rocks, which are interpreted as reflecting lowered oxygen and ozone concentrations in the atmosphere allowing tropospheric SO 2 photochemistry at short wavelengths (1). There is debate as to the oxidation state of Earth's atmosphere-hydrosphere before Table S4) and fossilfuel and biomass burning signatures (magenta triangles) (SI Appendix, Table S3).…”

Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its multiple valence states (S −2 to S +6 ) permit it to participate in a range of photochemical, geochemical, and biochemical processes, and its four stable isotope ( 32 S, 33 S, 34 S, and 36 S) allow tracing of chemical reactions at a molecular level. Multiple sulfur isotopes (δ 33 S, δ 34 S, and δ 36 S) and concomitant anomalies (Δ 33 S and Δ 36 S) ‡ in paleosediments [>2.5 giga-annum (Ga)] have been used to trace the origin and evolution of life and rise of oxygen in the Earth's paleoclimatic history (1)(2)(3). In the present atmosphere, the concentration of sulfate in ice cores and associated S-isotope anomalies has served as a forensic tool to help understand the dynamics of volcanic emissions, such as transport and transformation of sulfur to the stratosphere and its impact on ozone chemistry (4-7).…”

Section: Uv Photolysis | Sulfur Isotopesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Large sulfur-isotope anomaly in nonvolcanic sulfate aerosol and its implications for the Archean atmosphere

Shaheen

Abaunza

Jackson

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Significance The highest S-isotope anomaly is observed in a nonvolcanic period, and the magnitude of anomaly is similar to the largest volcanic eruptions of the 20th century. S-quadruple isotope data provided the first evidence of how super El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events (1997–1998) have affected the transport and transformation of aerosols to the stratosphere; thus, record of paleo-ENSO events of this magnitude can be traced with the S-isotopic anomaly. High-resolution and high-precision S-isotopic fingerprinting also revealed that the tropospheric sulfate produced during fossil-fuel and biomass burning contributes to the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer, a contribution previously unrecognized. The distribution of sulfur anomalies mimics the Archean isotope record, which is used to track the origin and evolution of oxygen on earth.

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Section: Significancementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Uv Photolysis | Sulfur Isotopesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Large sulfur-isotope anomaly in nonvolcanic sulfate aerosol and its implications for the Archean atmosphere

Shaheen

Abaunza

Jackson

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…The exact process responsible for their formation is not clear, although low-temperature aqueous precipitation, biogenic production, evaporation, and high-temperature reactions are all candidate processes (9)(10)(11)(12)(13). Decoding the fingerprints of various oxygen-carrying reservoirs on Mars (atmosphere-hydrosphere-geosphere) and how they interact from δ 18 O alone is nearly impossible because of the lack of direct information on the isotopic composition of the primary O-carrying reservoirs in the carbonate system (CO 2 3 , and H 2 O 2 has been successfully used to investigate physicochemical and photochemical processes in terrestrial and extraterrestrial materials (14)(15)(16)(17)(18). In this study, we used five stable isotopes of carbonates ( 12 C, 13 C, 16 O, 17 O, and 18 O) on Ca-and Fe-rich phases to decipher atmosphere-hydrosphere interactions and Martian CO 2 /CO 3 geochemical cycling.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Decoding the fingerprints of various oxygen-carrying reservoirs on Mars (atmosphere-hydrosphere-geosphere) and how they interact from δ 18 O alone is nearly impossible because of the lack of direct information on the isotopic composition of the primary O-carrying reservoirs in the carbonate system (CO 2 -H 2 O) and the extreme variability observed in chemical and isotopic composition of carbonate minerals in ALH 84001. The O-isotopic anomaly (Δ 17 O = δ 17 O − 0.52 × δ 18 O) observed in O 3 , SO 4 , NO 3 , CO 3 , and H 2 O 2 has been successfully used to investigate physicochemical and photochemical processes in terrestrial and extraterrestrial materials (14)(15)(16)(17)(18). In this study, we used five stable isotopes of carbonates ( 12 C, 13 C, 16 O, 17 O, and 18 O) on Ca-and Fe-rich phases to decipher atmosphere-hydrosphere interactions and Martian CO 2 /CO 3 geochemical cycling.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbonate formation events in ALH 84001 trace the evolution of the Martian atmosphere

Shaheen

Niles

Chong

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Carbonate minerals provide critical information for defining atmosphere-hydrosphere interactions. Carbonate minerals in the Martian meteorite ALH 84001 have been dated to ∼3.9 Ga, and both C and O-triple isotopes can be used to decipher the planet's climate history. Here we report Δ 17 O, δ 18 O, and δ 13 C data of ALH 84001 of at least two varieties of carbonates, using a stepped acid dissolution technique paired with ion microprobe analyses to specifically target carbonates from distinct formation events and constrain the Martian atmosphere-hydrosphere-geosphere interactions and surficial aqueous alterations. These results indicate the presence of a Ca-rich carbonate phase enriched in 18 O that formed sometime after the primary aqueous event at 3.9 Ga. The phases showed excess 17 O (0.7‰) that captured the atmosphere-regolith chemical reservoir transfer, as well as CO 2 , O 3 , and H 2 O isotopic interactions at the time of formation of each specific carbonate. The carbon isotopes preserved in the Ca-rich carbonate phase indicate that the Noachian atmosphere of Mars was substantially depleted in 13 C compared with the modern atmosphere.Martian meteorite | oxygen isotope anomaly | aqueous interaction | carbon isotope | photochemistry G eological evidence suggests that early Mars was sufficiently warm for liquid water to flow on the surface for at least brief periods, if not longer (1). Identifying the nature and duration of warmer conditions on the Martian surface is one of the key pieces of information for understanding atmosphere-hydrosphere-geosphere interactions, the evolution of the atmosphere, and potential past habitability. A better understanding of the evolution of the Martian atmosphere and, in particular, the behavior of its primary component, CO 2 , provides a means for characterizing the nature of the ancient Martian environment. The amount of CO 2 present in the atmosphere should provide critical insight into the characteristics of the Martian climate, with a denser atmosphere being more likely to be able to support prolonged warmer temperatures (2, 3).The Martian meteorite ALH 84001 is a critical source for understanding the history of the Martian atmosphere, as it is the oldest known rock (crystallographic age ∼4.09 ± 0.03 Ga) (4), and its carbonate fractions (<1% wt/wt) are considered to have preserved the carbon isotope signature of the ancient atmosphere ∼3.9 Ga ago (5). These carbonates are chemically (Mg-, Ca-, and FeMn rich) and isotopically (δ 13 C VPDB = 27-64, where VPDB stands for Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite, and δ 18 O SMOW = −10-27‰, where SMOW stands for Standard Mean Ocean Water) heterogeneous on micrometer scales; carbon and oxygen isotopes show a covariant relationship that is correlated with Mg content of the mineral (6-8). The exact process responsible for their formation is not clear, although low-temperature aqueous precipitation, biogenic production, evaporation, and high-temperature reactions are all candidate processes (9-13). Decoding the fingerprints of various oxygen-carry...

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“…For example, while meteoritic organic sulfonates, R-SO 3 − ( Section 1 ), were found to have above-terrestrial bulk values of +6‰ and +600‰ for 13 C and D/H, respectively, in their hydrocarbon (R) moieties [ 71 ], these values were below that of multiple other classes of meteoritic compounds [ 9 ] that could well have formed by aqueous processes. However, aqueous processes are ruled out by observations of mass-independent fractionations in the sulfur moieties of the sulfonates [ 72 ]. It cannot yet be assumed that one synthetic mechanism assembled the two moieties into the intact sulfonates we now observe.…”

Section: The Synthesis Of Meteoritic Polyolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monosaccharides and Their Derivatives in Carbonaceous Meteorites: A Scenario for Their Synthesis and Onset of Enantiomeric Excesses

Cooper

Rios

Nuevo

2018

Life

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Carbonaceous meteorites provide the best glimpse into the solar system’s earliest physical and chemical processes. These ancient objects, ~4.56 billion years old, contain evidence of phenomena ranging from solar system formation to the synthesis of organic compounds by aqueous and (likely) low-temperature photolytic reactions. Collectively, chemical reactions resulted in an insoluble kerogen-like carbon phase and a complex mixture of discrete soluble compounds including amino acids, nucleobases, and monosaccharide (or “sugar”) derivatives. This review presents the documented search for sugars and their derivatives in carbonaceous meteorites. We examine early papers, published in the early 1960s, and note the analytical methods used for meteorite analysis as well as conclusions on the results. We then present the recent finding of sugar derivatives including sugar alcohols and several sugar acids: The latter compounds were found to possess unusual “d” enantiomeric (mirror-image) excesses. After discussions on the possible roles of interstellar grain chemistry and meteorite parent body aqueous activity in the synthesis of sugar derivatives, we present a scenario that suggests that most of Earth’s extraterrestrial sugar alcohols (e.g., glycerol) were synthesized by interstellar irradiation and/or cold grain chemistry and that the early solar disk was the location of the initial enantiomeric excesses in meteoritic sugar derivatives.

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Mass-Independent Isotopic Composition of Terrestrial and Extraterrestrial Materials

Cited by 9 publications

References 238 publications

Large sulfur-isotope anomaly in nonvolcanic sulfate aerosol and its implications for the Archean atmosphere

Large sulfur-isotope anomaly in nonvolcanic sulfate aerosol and its implications for the Archean atmosphere

Carbonate formation events in ALH 84001 trace the evolution of the Martian atmosphere

Monosaccharides and Their Derivatives in Carbonaceous Meteorites: A Scenario for Their Synthesis and Onset of Enantiomeric Excesses

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