Mass immigrations in the 21st century. Case of Belgium and the Netherlands

Abstract

<jats:p>The uncontrolled wave of immigrants to the European Union countries, which reached its peak in 2015, challenged not only the well-established system of asylum policies in the Member States but also revealed the fundamental differences among them concerning the so-called “immigration issue”. The article focuses on the mechanisms and institutions which evolved during the different waves of immigrants in Belgium and the Netherlands. It also looks for an answer to the question: is mass immigration to Europe a threat or an opportunity? Depending on one’s attitude to the topic, the answer may be positive or negative.</jats:p>

Lindleys’ Map of Warsaw (1:2,500) as a tool for understanding the urban space preservation

“…33 In 1881, William H. Lindley signed the contract to draw up water supply and sewage systems plans and manage the Warsaw Magistrate's engineering work. 34 In the same year, the Sewage and Water Supply Construction Office (Biuro Budowy Kanalizacji i Wodociągów 35 ) was established, within which in 1883, the Department of Surveying (Wydział Mierniczy) -the centre of geodetic and cartographic work -was created with engineer Herman Lichtweiss at its helm. 36 In 1896, the first main stage of fieldwork was completed, and the Department of Surveying (Wydział Mierniczy) was transformed into the Office of Measurements (Biuro Pomiarów) at the Department of Exploitation of Canals and Waterworks (Wydział Eksploatacji Kanałów i Wodociągów) and Marceli Jeżowski became its new head.…”