Mass Fatalities in Hajj in 2015

Ganjeh, Mohammad; Einollahi, Behzad

doi:10.5812/traumamon.43253

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Mass gathering medicine involves higher rates of morbidity and mortality attributable to infections, trauma, environment, occupation, lifestyle, substance abuse, and disasters. 4,5,13,14 Astute preparedness is imperative across critical policy arenas bearing direct snowballing connotations to the number of casualties. The Sendai Framework gives a mandate for disaster risk reduction (DRR) in mass gatherings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the primary operations of health security being overwhelmed by patient load, the agility, presence, reliability, and philanthropy were found appealing by the clientele and critics, and accordingly applauded by local media. [3][4][5] The overwhelming number of patients may lead to a downgrading of medical centers to resource-limited setups, but this would compromise the standards of healthcare, clientele satisfaction, and resource security. It may also lead to physical, mental, and compassion fatigue among healthcare personnel.…”

Section: Incident Reporting System For Indian Hajj Pilgrimsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18 Environment-specific mortality is caused by heat illness, and incident-specific mortality may be due to incidents and disasters. [3][4][5]23 Emerging diseases such as Ebola, MERS, Alkhumra viral hemorrhagic fever, Rift Valley fever, and unidentified imported diseases having intercontinental implications challenge global public health security during Hajj. 1,15,18 Overcrowding increases the risk of transmission of respiratory pathogens such as human rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, MERS and non-MERS Corona virus (229E, HKU1, NL63, OC43), influenza A H1N1, influenza B, adenovirus, multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDRTB), and Streptococcus pneumoniae in an environment of "Hajj cough" in mass gathering Hajj rituals.…”

Section: Incident Reporting System For Indian Hajj Pilgrimsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,11,12 The meteoric growth in the number of Hajj pilgrims from 58 000 in 1920 to 3 160 000 in 2012 has instigated novel challenges to the interdependent dimensions of health and human support systems. 4,5,11,12 Saudi Arabia has reinvented Hajj management systems; nevertheless, the safety and security of pilgrims remains a national obligation of participating countries. Major countries fielding more than 100 000 Hajj pilgrims annually, such as Indonesia (29 000 pilgrims), Pakistan (180 000 pilgrims), India (150 000 pilgrims), and Egypt (125 000 pilgrims), are obliged to operate medical contingents during the Hajj pilgrimage to address barriers of language, culture, and alienation in terra incognita.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,4 Pre-existing cardiorespiratory and multisystem diseases lead to high morbidity and mortality during Hajj. [5][6][7][8] While the outbreak of El Tor cholera during the 1905 Hajj is historic, the international outbreak of meningitis following the Hajj pilgrimages in [1987][1988][1989][1990]1992, and 2000-2001 had serious repercussions.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Indian Medical Mission at Hajj-2016: Mass-Gathering Medicine Perspectives, Challenges, and Opportunities in a Mission Posture

Khan

et al. 2017

Int J Travel Med Glob Health

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IntroductionHajj is an annual mass gathering of over 3.5 million pilgrims from 200 countries who congregate in densities of 9 people/ m2 and endure strenuous rituals, compromised living standards, and a harsh desert climate in an alien ethnocultural and sociolinguist milieu for spiritual enlightenment. Mass gathering medicine at Hajj is challenged by issues of healthcare accessibility, infection control, on-site treatment, referral, evacuation, and response to disasters and public health emergencies in addition to challenges to providing support such as shelter, food and water, transportation, mass communication, interpersonal communication, sanitation, overcrowding, and human security. 1,2Hajj has historically experienced high morbidity and mortality owing to pre-existing comorbidities, outbreaks, accidents, and disasters such as such as stampedes, fires, AbstractIntroduction: Hajj is an annual mass gathering of over 3.5 million pilgrims congregating from 200 countries in the desert climate of Saudi Arabia. Mass gathering medicine at Hajj is challenged by issues of healthcare accessibility, infection control, on-site treatment, referral, evacuation, and response to disasters and public health emergencies. The Indian Medical Mission at Hajj 2016 established, operated, and coordinated a strategic network of mass gathering medical operations, the proceeds of which are discussed herein. Methods:The mission was designed to provide holistic health security through health intelligence for pre-existing chronic diseases, epidemic intelligence for endemic and exotic diseases, public-health and disaster-health preparedness, and tiered healthcare through mobile medical task forces, static clinics, tent clinics, secondary care hospitals, and evacuation capabilities. Results: Primary care, secondary care, and tertiary care treated 374 475, 930, and 523 patients, respectively. Patients exhibited limited compliance with pre-instituted treatments and precautionary protocols. Respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, cardiorespiratory, trauma, and heat illnesses were seen. Epidemic intelligence revealed an outbreak of food poisoning. Respiratory infections were reported by 90% of the healthcare personnel. Surge capacity was overwhelmed with patient throughput and ambulance transfers. Crude unadjusted mortality was 11.99/10 000. Conclusion:The Indian Medical Mission at Hajj 2016 yielded solutions to the challenges faced during the 2016 Hajj pilgrimage. The mission posture of the Indian Medical Mission in Hajj presents a modus operandi for handling crisis scenarios in mass gathering. The situational analysis of the Hajj health mission calls for dynamic interventions in preparedness, clientele, and health systems.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Incident Reporting System For Indian Hajj Pilgrimsmentioning

confidence: 99%