Mass Bleachings on Atlantic Coral Reefs

Williams, Ernest H.; Goenaga, Carlos; Vicente, Vance P.

doi:10.1126/science.238.4829.877-b

Cited by 45 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…To date sponge bleaching has been recorded exclusively from coral reef specimens. This phenomenon was observed during field sponge populations surveys (Williams et al, 1987;Vicente, 1990), but no histological studies have been carried out to ascertain the reason for the alteration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis revealed that the damaged gorgonian specimens showed an extensive attack by microrganisms (protozoans and fungi), which were interpreted as opportunistic pathogens (Cerrano et al, 2000). Presence of numerous ciliates able to penetrate inwards had been previously reported for corals after bleaching episodes (Williams et al, 1987) and for a sponge species in experimental conditions (Gaino & Pronzato, 1987).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Necrosis in a population ofPetrosia ficiformis(Porifera, Demospongiae) in relation with environmental stress

Cerrano

Magnino

Sarà

et al. 2001

Italian Journal of Zoology

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Healthy specimens of the Mediterranean Petrosia ficiformis harbour endocellular cyanobacteria (Aphanocapsa feldmanni) causing a violet pigmentation of the sponge. Necrosis in P. ficiformis can be easily detected by the occurrence of white patches scattered over the surface. Necrotic specimens were examined along the Gallinara Island coasts (Western Ligurian Sea), in coincidence with environmental stress (heavy rainfall, land run-off, high seawater temperature). The appearance of white patches is due to the gradual sloughing of the pinacodermal covering, as evidenced by scanning electron microscopic observations. Sloughing leads to progressive tissue degeneration in the deeper parts. Histological sections showed that, concomitantly with the loss of the superficial layer, internal sponge tissues degenerate and the sponge body becomes exposed to the invasion of ciliates. Spicule bundles of the skeletal network separate damaged tissues from the healthy ones, thereby slowing down spread of necrosis and enabling successful recovery.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Necrosis in a population ofPetrosia ficiformis(Porifera, Demospongiae) in relation with environmental stress

Cerrano

Magnino

Sarà

et al. 2001

Italian Journal of Zoology

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“…Satellite data show an increase in the extent of tropical ocean hotspots, areas 2°C to 3°C above average water temperatures (Strong et al 2000), and these hotspots have been useful predictors of bleaching events. Warm events over the last several decades have led to extensive bleaching in the Florida Keys, Caribbean, eastern Pacific, and elsewhere (Williams et al 1987;Glynn and de Weerdt 1991;Milliman 1993). Unprecedented high sea surface temperatures and perhaps the most widespread coral bleaching ever observed have been associated with the 1998 EI Nino (Wilkinson et al 1999;Hoegh-Guldberg 1999).…”

Section: Coral Reef Ecosystemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change impacts on U.S. Coastal and Marine Ecosystems

et al. 2002

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Increases in concentrations of greenhouse gases projected for the 21st century are expected to lead to increased mean global air and ocean temperatures. The National Assessment of Potential Consequences of Climate Variability and Change (NAST 2001) was based on a series of regional and sector assessments. This paper is a summary of the coastal and marine resources sector review of potential impacts on shorelines, estuaries, coastal wetlands, coral reefs, and ocean margin ecosystems. The assessment considered the impacts of several key drivers of climate change: sea level change; alterations in precipitation patterns and subsequent delivery of freshwater, nutrients, and sediment; increased ocean temperature; alterations in circulation patterns; changes in frequency and intensity of coastal storms; and increased levels of atmospheric CO •. Increasing rates of sea-level rise and intensity and frequency of coastal storms and hurricanes over the next decades will increase threats to shorelines, wetlands, and coastal development. Estuarine productivity will change in response to alteration in the timing and amount of freshwater, nutrients, and sediment delivery. Higher water temperatures and changes in freshwater delivery will alter estuarine stratification, residence time, and eutrophication. Increased ocean temperatures are expected to increase coral bleaching and higher CO. levels may reduce coral calcification, making it more difficult for corals to recover from other disturbances, and inhibiting poleward shifts. Ocean warming is expected to cause poleward shifts in the ranges of many other organisms, including commercial species, and these shifts may have secondary effects on their predators and prey. Although these potential impacts of climate change and variability will vary from system to system, it is important to recognize that they will be superimposed

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“…Carribbean Sea (Roberts 1987;Williams et al 1987), Florida (Fitt et al 1993), Panama (Glynn 1983;Glynn 1988), Java Sea (Brown and Suharsono 1990;Warwick et al 1990), Great Barrier Reef (Harriott 1985). As species of corals varied remarkably in both rates of bleaching and mortality (see Table 1), they were classified into the following four categories:…”

Section: Species Of Montiporamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the last few decades, bleaching damage on corals has been reported in many tropical and subtropical waters of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans; Hawaii (Jokiel and Coles 1974;Coles 1975;Jokiel and Coles 1990), Carribbean Sea (Jaap 1979;Roberts 1987;Williams et al 1987;Cook et al 1990;Gates 1990;Vicente 1990;Knowlton et al 1992;William et al 1993), Panama (Glynn 1983;Glynn 1988; Glynn and D'Croz 1990), Florida (Fitt et al 1993), California (Reyes-Bonilla 1993), Java Sea (Brown and Suharsono 1990;Warwick et al 1990;Hoeksema 1991), and Great Barrier Reef (Harriott 1985). Furthermore, wide scale severe bleaching that resulted in extensive destruction of coral reefs world-wide occurred in 1982-83 and 1986-88 during remarkably strong El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events (Brown 1990;Brown 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass destruction of the hermatypic corals during a bleaching event in Ishigaki Island, southwestern Japan

Fujioka

1999

Journal of the Japanese Coral Reef Society

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Mass Bleachings on Atlantic Coral Reefs

Cited by 45 publications

References 6 publications

Necrosis in a population ofPetrosia ficiformis(Porifera, Demospongiae) in relation with environmental stress

Necrosis in a population ofPetrosia ficiformis(Porifera, Demospongiae) in relation with environmental stress

Climate change impacts on U.S. Coastal and Marine Ecosystems

Mass destruction of the hermatypic corals during a bleaching event in Ishigaki Island, southwestern Japan

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