Mass balance monitoring of geological CO2 storage with a superconducting gravimeter — A case study

Kim, Jeong Woo; Neumeyer, J.; Kao, Ricky; Kabirzadeh, Hojjat

doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2015.01.003

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…2c. The uncertainty of the residual gravity after reduction of environmental noise is estimated to be 0.5 μGal 39,40 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The iGrav SG was installed in October 2011 at the University of Calgary 51 . Portability and sensitivity tests were conducted over the next six months, where an accuracy of better than 1 µGal was achieved after a successful reduction of environmental effects 39,40 . The SG was deployed in July 2012 at the Natural Resources Canada (NRCan)'s PGC located on Vancouver Island near Sidney in British Columbia, Canada.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The gravity effects of the solid Earth tide and ocean loading which dominate the SG's observations are calculated by the ETERNA program 53 which estimates tidal parameters by least-squares adjustment from the redundant observations. This process also considers periodic components of the ocean loading, hydrology and atmospheric pressure that have the same frequencies as the Earth tides 40 . Supplementary Fig.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microgravity effect of inter-seismic crustal dilatation

Kabirzadeh

Kim

Najafabadi

et al. 2022

Commun Earth Environ

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Changes in the density of the shallow crust has been previously related to co-seismic strain release during earthquakes, however, the influence of inter-seismic deformation on crustal density variations is poorly understood. Here we present gravity observations from the iGrav superconducting gravimeter in southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada which reveal a substantial gravity increase between July 2012 and April 2015. We identify a negative correlation between this gravity increase and crustal dilatation strain derived from horizontal GPS velocities. The overall increasing gravity trend is caused by the gravity increase during and immediately before and after episodic tremor and slip events, which is partially compensated by gravity decrease occurring between the events. We conclude that the observed gravity increase results from a density increase due to crustal compression and that this is mostly a result of inter-seismic strain accumulation during the subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate beneath the North American plate.

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“…2c. The uncertainty of the residual gravity after reduction of environmental noise is estimated to be 0.5 μGal 39,40 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Microgravity effect of inter-seismic crustal dilatation

Kabirzadeh

Kim

Najafabadi

et al. 2022

Commun Earth Environ

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“…After time‐lapse borehole measurements were proposed, their feasibility was assessed at the Cranfield site in the United States . Several simulation studies have assessed the availability of gravimetric techniques for monitoring CO 2 storage …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 Several simulation studies have assessed the availability of gravimetric techniques for monitoring CO 2 storage. 3,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] In Japan, where offshore geological storage within a moderate distance from the coastline is recognized as having the greatest potential, 16,17 it is not always easy to use the gravimetric techniques described above. Ocean bottom measurements require permanently deployed benchmarks at the ocean bottom to minimize measurement uncertainty.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Continuous gravity observation with a superconducting gravimeter at the Tomakomai CCS demonstration site, Japan: applicability to ground‐based monitoring of offshore CO₂ geological storage

et al. 2019

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Gravimetric techniques are used for monitoring the distribution and migration of CO2 stored in geological formations. Superconducting gravimeters (SGs), because of their high sensitivity, can enable continuous ground‐based monitoring of offshore CO2 storage. For offshore monitoring purposes, gravity stations should be located near the seashore to maximize the signal of interest. We observed gravity continuously with an SG near the seashore at the Tomakomai carbon dioxide capture and storage demonstration site in Japan to assess variation of the observed gravity and to evaluate the applicability of this technique for monitoring of large‐scale offshore storage. Strong noise caused by strong winds and ocean waves was removed by low‐pass filtering. The noise did not fundamentally affect long‐term gravity changes. The observed gravity was affected strongly by shallow groundwater level changes but the effects were sufficiently corrected by expressing their effects as a summation of linear functions of groundwater level changes. Considering all possible effects on gravity, the standard deviation of the gravity residuals during 85 days of observation was minimized to 7.5–8.2 nm s–2. Based on the model setting of the Tomakomai site, the estimated annual gravity changes caused by industrial‐scale injection (1 MtCO2 year–1) into a hypothetical offshore formation (1 km depth) were –2.8 to –3.3 nm s–2 under different saturation conditions. The estimated changes exceed the observed standard deviation in 2.3–2.9 years. These results suggest that injection‐induced gravity changes can be detected using SG within a few years. Therefore, the present ground‐based gravimetric technique can contribute to long‐term monitoring of offshore storage. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Numerical study of reservoir permeability effects on gravity changes associated with CO₂ geological storage: implications for gravimetric monitoring feasibility

2020

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Gravimetric methods are used for monitoring the migration of CO2 stored in the reservoir. Reservoir permeability is crucial for injectivity and potentially important for gravity changes associated with CO2 storage. Nevertheless, its effects on gravity changes have not been investigated systematically. After conducting numerical simulations of CO2 injection and storage using models with varying permeability conditions (50–1000 mD), we calculated surface gravity changes. Results show that two mechanisms affect gravity decrease, related to differences in CO2 density and in CO2 spatial patterns. Under low‐permeability conditions, gravity decrease is minimal during injection because of increases in pressure and the resulting relative high density of CO2. Gravity decrease is enhanced after injection ceases because of the pressure release and resulting CO2 expansion. These effects are strong at shallow depths, at which CO2 is near the critical point and highly compressible. Under higher permeability conditions, rapid spreading of the CO2 plume causes smaller gravity reduction rate after some decades of injection. After injection ceases, upward CO2 migration because of buoyancy and plume spreading increase gravity above the injection zone. The time required for gravity change detection depends on permeability. Detection during injection can be made earlier under higher permeability conditions and under lower permeability conditions after injection ceases. These points suggest that permeability affects the feasibility of gravimetric methods. Moreover, designing monitoring programs based on permeability and depth conditions is necessary for successful monitoring. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Mass balance monitoring of geological CO2 storage with a superconducting gravimeter — A case study

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

Microgravity effect of inter-seismic crustal dilatation

Microgravity effect of inter-seismic crustal dilatation

Continuous gravity observation with a superconducting gravimeter at the Tomakomai CCS demonstration site, Japan: applicability to ground‐based monitoring of offshore CO₂ geological storage

Numerical study of reservoir permeability effects on gravity changes associated with CO₂ geological storage: implications for gravimetric monitoring feasibility

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Mass balance monitoring of geological CO2 storage with a superconducting gravimeter — A case study

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

Microgravity effect of inter-seismic crustal dilatation

Microgravity effect of inter-seismic crustal dilatation

Continuous gravity observation with a superconducting gravimeter at the Tomakomai CCS demonstration site, Japan: applicability to ground‐based monitoring of offshore CO2 geological storage

Numerical study of reservoir permeability effects on gravity changes associated with CO2 geological storage: implications for gravimetric monitoring feasibility

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Continuous gravity observation with a superconducting gravimeter at the Tomakomai CCS demonstration site, Japan: applicability to ground‐based monitoring of offshore CO₂ geological storage

Numerical study of reservoir permeability effects on gravity changes associated with CO₂ geological storage: implications for gravimetric monitoring feasibility