Masculine gender role stress: Implications for the assessment of men

Eisler, Richard M.; Blalock, Janice A.

doi:10.1016/0272-7358(91)90137-j

Cited by 113 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…At their most extreme, these trajectories may contribute to the greater incidence of depressive and borderline conditions in women and antisocial conditions in men (Eisler & Blalock, 1991;Goldberg, 1993;Leadbeater, Blatt, & Quinlan, 1995). There are indications in the current data that provide some support for this.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 48%

Gender and patterns of emotional availability in mother–toddler and father–toddler dyads

Lovas

2005

Infant Mental Health Journal

118

123

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Recent research has revealed gender differences in emotional communication and affect regulation during early mother-child interactions that are consistent with later gender differences in relational behavior. The current study extends those findings to father-child interactions. Parent-toddler dyads were videotaped during quiet indoor play when the toddlers were 19 and 24 months old. The observations were coded with Biringen, Robinson, and Emde's (1998) Emotional Availability scales (3rd ed.), which yields scores for parent sensitivity, structuring, nonintrusiveness, and nonhostility, and for child responsiveness to and involvement of the parent. Analyses of mean differences revealed a consistent pattern of larger parent than child gender differences. Dyadic analyses revealed more complex results. Mother-daughter dyads displayed the highest scores, followed by mother-son, then father-daughter, and finally father-son dyads for all variables but hostility, which by 24 months was higher in same-sex than in opposite-sex dyads. Scores for father-son dyads more often fell below the scale point indicating "good enough" parenting than scores for other dyads. The inclusion of fathers in the sample extends previous findings both by eliciting an increased range of variation within child gender and by providing a first look at the emotional availability of fathers relative to that of mothers.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 48%

Gender and patterns of emotional availability in mother–toddler and father–toddler dyads

Lovas

2005

Infant Mental Health Journal

118

123

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“…Thompson and Pleck (1986), summarizing alternative models of masculinity discussed in the literature, concluded that the standards for being a man typically include a proscriptive norm to stay away from anything feminine in pursuit of achievement status, independence, and self-confidence. Eisler and Blalock (1991) noted that masculinity is commonly associated with deploying competitive and aggressive response strategies as well as with difficulties in the expression of affection, warmth, sympathy, and tenderness, which are essential to the development of caring relationships. According to Good, Borst, and Wallace (1994), men tend to be socialized toward "independence and achievement (instrumentality), avoidance of characteristics associated with femininity and homosexuality (interpersonal dominance), and restriction or suppression of emotional expression (rationality)" (pp.…”

Section: The Structure Of Masculinitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Male Elementary Preservice Teachers' Gendering of Teaching

Montecinos¹,

Nielsen²

2004

Multicultural Perspectives

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“…Eisler and colleagues (Eisler & Blalock, 1991;Eisler & Skidmore, 1987;Gillespie & Eisler, 1992) have identified situations that elicit stress for men and women related to the violation of traditional gender roles. Men typically reported stress in situations that reflect physical inadequacy, emotional inexpressiveness, subordination to women, intellectual inferiority, and failure in meeting masculine standards of work and sexual adequacy.…”

mentioning

confidence: 96%

Gender Role Stress in Relation to Shame, Guilt, and Externalization

Efthim¹,

Kenny

Mahalik

2001

Jour of Counseling & Develop

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430RESEARCH S ocially constructed gender roles have gained increasing recognition as important factors affecting the developmental, psychological, and relational well-being of men and women (Gilbert, 1992). According to Pleck (1981Pleck ( , 1995, all persons from time to time inevitably perceive themselves as violating societal expectations for gender roles, and such violations may lead to negative psychological effects. One such outcome is gender role stress (Eisler, 1995), which refers to a particular form of emotional distress arising in response to a situation involving perceived violation of traditional gender role norms. In articulating the construct of gender role stress, Eisler (1995) borrowed Bem's (1987) idea that gender role schemas affect men's and women's view of self and the world because of gender-tinted cognitive lenses. These gender schemas are lenses that shape men's and women's appraisal of threat for engaging in behavior that deviates from traditional gender role ideologies. Given that individuals differ in their commitments to culturally sanctioned models of masculinity and femininity, Eisler (1995) postulated that there are also individual differences in the amount of stress experienced in deviating from culturally sanctioned roles. Following this line of thinking, we would expect that rigid commitment to gender-schematic processing would be associated with negative outcomes, and indeed empirical studies have found an inverse relationship between gender role stress and measures of physical and psychological wellbeing for both men and women (see Eisler, 1995, for a review). In an effort to extend understanding of the psychological outcomes associated with gender-schematic processing, the present study focused on the relationship between gender role stress and proneness to shame, guilt, and externalization.Shame, guilt, and externalization represent emotions that may be linked with self-evaluation concerning gender norms (Krugman, 1995;Osherson & Krugman, 1990;Silberstein, Striegel-Moore, & Rodlin, 1987). Shame and guilt have generated considerable interest in the literature as self-conscious affects that shape positive developmental processes (Erikson, 1950(Erikson, /1985Jordan, 1989;Lynd, 1958), including the development of conscience, responsibility, empathy, identity, self-awareness, and maintenance of relational bonds (Kaufman, 1989;Kohut, 1971;H. B. Lewis, 1987;Tangney, 1991Tangney, , 1995. In addition, shame and guilt are potentially important components of a range of negative psychological outcomes (e.g., Frank, 1991; H. B. Lewis, 1986Lewis, , 1987Tangney, Burggraf, & Wagner, 1995;Wright, O'Leary, & Balkin, 1989). Because these emotions can be deeply unsettling to the self, shame and guilt may also trigger psychological defenses designed to avoid or minimize distress. Previous theory and research (H. B. Lewis, 1971;Tangney, 1990) identified externalization-the act of shifting blame outward for negative events-as a key defensive maneuver in dealing with guilt and shame. Externalization ...

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Masculine gender role stress: Implications for the assessment of men

Cited by 113 publications

References 37 publications

Gender and patterns of emotional availability in mother–toddler and father–toddler dyads

Gender and patterns of emotional availability in mother–toddler and father–toddler dyads

Male Elementary Preservice Teachers' Gendering of Teaching

Gender Role Stress in Relation to Shame, Guilt, and Externalization

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