Masculine Gender Role Stress

Copenhaver, Michael; Eisler, Richard M.

doi:10.1007/978-0-585-27572-7_12

Cited by 19 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Masculine gender role stress may play a key role in this process. In other words, to the extent that high levels of masculine gender role stress reflect an underlying fragility in one's capacity to maintain a rigid masculine identity (Copenhaver & Eisler, 1996), these men should fear emasculation by their peers and, as a result, be motivated to restore their masculine self‐concept via aggression (Franklin, 1998; Hamner, 1992; Kimmel, 1997). Partial support for this view is provided by the finding that masculine gender role stress directly predicted aggression toward the heterosexual, but not the gay, male opponent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aggression Toward Gay Men as Gender Role Enforcement: Effects of Male Role Norms, Sexual Prejudice, and Masculine Gender Role Stress

Parrott

2009

Journal of Personality

118

123

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This study examined sexual prejudice and masculine gender role stress as mediators of the relations between male gender norms and anger and aggression toward gay men. Participants were 150 selfidentified heterosexual men who completed measures of adherence to male gender role norms, sexual prejudice, masculine gender role stress, and state anger. Participants then viewed a video depicting intimate relationship behavior between two gay men, reported state anger a second time, and competed in a laboratory aggression task against either a heterosexual or a gay male. Results indicated that adherence to the antifemininity norm exerted an indirect effect, primarily through sexual prejudice, on increases in anger. Adherence to the status and antifemininity norms exerted indirect effects, also through sexual prejudice, on physical aggression toward the gay, but not the heterosexual, male. Findings provide the first multivariate evidence for determinants of aggression toward gay men motivated by gender role enforcement. KeywordsAggressive Behavior; Homosexuality (Attitudes Toward); Male Homosexuality; Prejudice; Masculinity Numerous theories have been advanced to better understand the motives that facilitate aggression toward sexual minorities (for a review, see Franklin, 2000;Parrott, 2008). Specifically, extant literature suggests that male-perpetrated aggression toward gay men functions to enforce traditional gender norms (Hamner, 1992;Kite & Whitley, 1998), prove one's heterosexuality and masculinity to other men (Franklin, 2000;Kimmel, 2000), satisfy thrill seeking desires (Franklin, 1998(Franklin, , 2000, and reduce anxiety elicited by psychological conflicts associated with gender and sexuality (Franklin, 2000, Herek, 1986. Although empirical research supports these general distinctions (Franklin, 2000), any given act of aggression toward gay men or other sexual minorities is likely motivated by the convergence of multiple motives.Given this proliferation of theoretical explanations, empirical study of these motives is of the utmost theoretical and applied importance. In particular, emphasis on individual and situational determinants of aggression toward sexual minorities informs theory by elucidating specific variables that cause individual attacks. In turn, this information may guide risk assessment and intervention targeted toward the individual. To this end, Parrott (2008) reviewed individual and situational risk factors and mediating pathways for aggression toward sexual minorities Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Dominic J. Parrott, Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5010, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-5010. E-mail: parrott@gsu.edu. NIH Public AccessAuthor Manuscript J Pers. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 August 1. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript that are associated with these motivations. This conceptualization represents an application of the General Aggression Model, which is a parsimonious theory ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aggression Toward Gay Men as Gender Role Enforcement: Effects of Male Role Norms, Sexual Prejudice, and Masculine Gender Role Stress

Parrott

2009

Journal of Personality

118

123

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“…For instance, Franklin (1998) posited that aggression toward gay men and lesbians serves to “prove both toughness and heterosexuality to friends” (p. 12). Relatedly, other researchers have demonstrated that the masculine identity is fragile and requires constant proof and validation (e.g., Copenhaver & Eisler, 1996; Kilianski, 2003; Kimmel, 1997; Vandello, Bosson, Cohen, Burnaford, & Weaver, 2008). To the extent that men possess a fragile masculine identity, their rigid endorsement of the toughness norm may predispose them to fear emasculation by their peers and, as a result, motivate them to restore their masculine self-concept via aggression toward gay men and lesbians (Franklin, 1998; Hamner, 1990; Kimmel, 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of traditional gender role norms and religious fundamentalism on self-identified heterosexual men's attitudes, anger, and aggression toward gay men and lesbians.

Vincent¹,

Parrott²,

Peterson³

2011

Psychology of Men & Masculinity

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Sexual prejudice and antigay anger were examined as mediators of the associations between traditional male gender norms, religious fundamentalism, and aggression toward gay men and lesbians. Participants were 201 self-identified heterosexual men recruited from the community to complete computer-administered measures of adherence to traditional male gender norms (i.e., status, toughness, antifemininity), religious fundamentalism, sexual prejudice, and frequency of aggression toward gay men and lesbians. Additionally, participants completed a structured interview designed to assess anger in response to a vignette depicting a male-male intimate relationship (i.e., partners saying “I love you,” holding hands, kissing). Results showed that sexual prejudice and antigay anger partially mediated the effect of antifemininity on aggression and fully mediated the effect of religious fundamentalism on aggression. Sexual prejudice alone fully mediated the effect of status on aggression and neither sexual prejudice nor antigay anger mediated the effect of toughness on aggression. Further, results suggested that religious fundamentalism is a multifaceted construct of which some aspects increase risk for aggression toward gay men and lesbians, whereas other aspects decrease this risk. These data provide multivariate evidence from a nonprobability, community-based sample that extreme internalization of dominant cultural values can set the stage for violence toward marginalized groups. Implications for intervention programming and future research are reviewed.

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“…A growing body of research indicates that men who endorse traditional masculinity are less likely to engage in health-promoting behaviors and have greater health risks than men who do not endorse traditional masculinity (e.g., Copenhaver & Eisler, 1996; Courtenay, 1998; Kristiansen, 1990; Mahalik, Lagan, & Morrison, 2006). Few research studies have examined the relationship between masculinity ideology and health-related attitudes and behaviors in African American men.…”

Section: Masculinity Ideology and Men's Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Masculinity ideology, male reference group identity dependence, and African American men's health-related attitudes and behaviors.

Wade¹

2008

Psychology of Men & Masculinity

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This research assessed factors that may relate to African American men's health-related attitudes and behaviors. African American men (N = 208) completed measures of masculinity ideology, male identity, and health attitudes and behaviors. Results showed that male identity and nontraditional masculinity were associated with men's health-related behaviors. In addition, nontraditional masculinity mediated the relationship between male identity and health-related behaviors. Implications for counseling and community and societal interventions with African American men are discussed.

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Masculine Gender Role Stress

Cited by 19 publications

References 31 publications

Aggression Toward Gay Men as Gender Role Enforcement: Effects of Male Role Norms, Sexual Prejudice, and Masculine Gender Role Stress

Aggression Toward Gay Men as Gender Role Enforcement: Effects of Male Role Norms, Sexual Prejudice, and Masculine Gender Role Stress

Effects of traditional gender role norms and religious fundamentalism on self-identified heterosexual men's attitudes, anger, and aggression toward gay men and lesbians.

Masculinity ideology, male reference group identity dependence, and African American men's health-related attitudes and behaviors.

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