Masculine gender role expectations in China: A consensual qualitative research-modified study.

Song, Ge; Liang, Christopher T. H.

doi:10.1037/men0000196

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Second, the main assumptions of the universality of this application of RCT need to be examined. Differences in emphasis and expression of emotion and/or masculinity have been noted based on culture of origin (e.g., Arciniega et al, 2008; Lease et al, 2013; Matsumoto et al, 2008, Song & Liang, 2019; Yeung et al, 2015) and are, as noted by Di Bianca and Mahalik (2022), influenced by racism in the United States (U.S.; e.g., Powell et al, 2016). However, a foregrounding of the intersections in their applications is needed.…”

Section: Deepening the Rct Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

An intersectional perspective on relational-cultural theory: Commentary on Di Bianca and Mahalik (2022).

Liang

2022

American Psychologist

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This brief commentary to “A Relational-Cultural Framework for Promoting Health Masculinities” by Michael Di Bianca and James R. Mahalik (2022) provides an intersectional lens by which to view and apply their proposed framework. This commentary is offered as a way to deepen thinking of the diversity of men’s experiences and how emotions, relationships, and masculinities may operate within the context of racism and cultural values.

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Section: Deepening the Rct Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

An intersectional perspective on relational-cultural theory: Commentary on Di Bianca and Mahalik (2022).

Liang

2022

American Psychologist

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“…To illustrate, eight of the 10 most prevalent subjective masculine norms in our study that met the 10% threshold were also present among the most prevalent subjective masculine norms in Singapore that met a similar 10% threshold—emotional toughness, providing for family, avoidance of femininity, being a gentleman, work, nonaggression, avoidance of homemaking, and physicality. Relatedly, a recent qualitative study on masculine gender role expectations in China also identified a somewhat similar set of perceived masculine norms—responsible, honest and law-abiding, caring, brave and self-starting, forgiving, respectful and nonviolent, rational and calm, and avoid femininity (Song & Liang, 2019). Tentatively, these findings might suggest the presence of a core set of contemporary transcultural masculine norms in multiple (although not necessarily all) cultures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Accordingly, subjective masculine norms are defined as people’s perceptions of the most important masculine norms in a society or group. To identify the most prevalent subjective masculine norms, Wong and colleagues (2016) advocated a bottom-up approach—instead of using a predetermined set of masculine norms identified by researchers, they posed open-ended questions about participants’ perceptions of the most important injunctive masculine norms; the researchers then coded their qualitative responses and computed their frequencies to determine the most prevalent masculine norms (also, see Song & Liang, 2019). Using this approach, Wong and colleagues (2016) found that providing for family, being a gentleman, emotional toughness, avoidance of inferiority to women, and avoidance of femininity were the five most prevalent subjective masculine norms in Singapore in a sample of 348 Singaporean university students.…”

Section: Subjective Gender Norms Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

The assessment of subjective masculine norms in the United States.

Wong¹,

Granderson²,

Zounlome³

et al. 2020

Psychology of Men & Masculinities

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What are men's perceptions of the most important masculine norms in the United States? And how are their endorsement of these norms associated with their well-being and gender-related outcomes (e.g., sexism)? Guided by the subjective gender norms model (Wong, Ringo Ho, Wang, & Fisher, 2016), this study investigated 463 U.S. men's (M age ϭ 35.14) subjective masculine norms, defined as perceptions of the most important masculine norms in a group or society. The authors had two goals: (a) identify the most prevalent U.S. subjective masculine norms and (b) evaluate the psychometric properties of a U.S. version of the Subjective Masculine Norms Scale (SMNS), which measures the endorsement of subjective masculine norms. Using directed content analysis of participants' qualitative responses, the authors found that the top five most prevalent subjective masculine norms were emotional toughness, providing for family, avoidance of femininity, being a gentleman, and work. Regarding the psychometric properties of the SMNS, a measurement model with two factors corresponding to prescriptive norms (what men should do) and proscriptive norms (what men should not do) best fit the data. The authors also provided convergent, criterion-related, discriminant, and incremental evidence for the SMNS subscales' validity as well as evidence for their internal consistency. In particular, the SMNS subscales were associated with well-being and gender-related outcomes but not with self-deception enhancement and impression management. The authors conclude by highlighting the distinctiveness of subjective masculine norms, offering an empirical approach to assessing masculine norms in a society or group, and proposing interventions for men based on masculine norms. Public Significance StatementTo better understand contemporary U.S. masculine norms, this study investigated men's subjective masculine norms in the United States, defined as perceptions of the most important masculine norms in U.S. society. The top five most prevalent subjective masculine norms were emotional toughness, providing for family, avoidance of femininity, being a gentleman, and work. Men who endorsed subjective masculine norms reported being happier and less lonely, but also more sexist.

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“…The themes we identified in Asian American men’s masculinity ideology overlap with Chinese nationals’ descriptions of their masculine gender role expectations (Song & Liang, 2019). Specifically, of the eight “domains” identified, being responsible, caring, respectful and nonviolent, and rational overlapped with our findings of Asian American men’s reports of real men being responsible, taking care of others, being respectful, never harming women, and being cognitively disciplined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

What does it mean to be a real man? Asian American college men’s masculinity ideology.

Kyler-Yano

Mankowski

2020

Psychology of Men & Masculinities

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The majority of research on masculinity ideology has been conducted using quantitative measures developed with predominantly European American samples. The cultural homogeneity embedded in these measures' development brings into question their validity and reliability when applied to other populations of men such as Asian American men. This study aims to address this gap in the literature by examining the characteristics that Asian American men identify when describing ideal masculinity. Heterosexual Asian American college men (N ϭ 89) were asked, "What does it mean to be a real man?" Themes deduced from normative masculinity expectations and inductive themes were applied to participants' responses to identify themes reflecting a widely used measure of traditional masculinity ideology as well as those that may be unique and/or particularly relevant to Asian American men. Participant responses included more themes that are not covered by the standard measure of traditional masculinity ideology than those that are. Future studies should investigate the distribution (e.g., clustering or normality) of traditional and culturally specific male role norm beliefs, examine masculinity ideology in combination with other Asian cultural factors (e.g., loss of face, acculturation/enculturation), and develop culturally responsive quantitative measures of masculinity ideology for Asian American men. Public Significance StatementAsian American men describe ideal masculine traits uniquely as including responsibility, respect, aggression, taking care of people, and having a moral code. Standard measures of masculinity ideology have been developed on different populations and do not capture the unique perspectives of Asian American men. To be most effective, clinicians and treatment programs working with Asian American men need to understand and be responsive to these culturally relevant aspects of manhood.

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Masculine gender role expectations in China: A consensual qualitative research-modified study.

Cited by 12 publications

References 27 publications

An intersectional perspective on relational-cultural theory: Commentary on Di Bianca and Mahalik (2022).

An intersectional perspective on relational-cultural theory: Commentary on Di Bianca and Mahalik (2022).

The assessment of subjective masculine norms in the United States.

What does it mean to be a real man? Asian American college men’s masculinity ideology.

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