Martensite Formation in Conventional and Isothermal Tension of 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel Measured by X-ray Diffraction

Moser, Newell; Gross, T. S.; Korkolis, Yannis P.

doi:10.1007/s11661-014-2422-y

Cited by 48 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Since the austenite and martensite phases have different crystal structures, the XRD and the neuron diffraction techniques can be conveniently used for quantitative analysis [75,78,79,82]. The XRD pattern of cold-deformed AISI 304 stainless steel is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Diffraction Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…4, which indicates the position of the main diffraction peaks of phases. By consideration of the γ(111), γ (200), γ (220), and γ(311) reflections for austenite and α'(110), α'(200), α' (211), and α'(220) for α'-martensite, the volume fraction of martensite can be calculated by XRD as follows [75,78,79,101]:…”

Section: Diffraction Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The formation of martensite can be detected and evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) [53,[78][79][80][81], neuron diffraction [82,83], electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) [18,[84][85][86][87], magnetic methods including the eddy current method [88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95], metallography [78,89,96], and other techniques [96][97][98][99][100]. Some of these methods are briefly discussed in the following.…”

Section: Measuring Martensite Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Deformation-induced martensite in austenitic stainless steels: A review

Sohrabi

Naghizadeh

Mirzadeh

2020

Archiv.Civ.Mech.Eng

161

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Recent progress in the understanding of the deformation-induced martensitic transformation, the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect, and the reversion annealing in the metastable austenitic stainless steels are reviewed in the present work. For this purpose, the introduced methods for the measurement of martensite content are summarized. Moreover, the austenite stability as the key factor for controlling the austenite to martensite transformation is critically discussed. This is realized by analyzing the effects of chemical composition, initial grain size, applied strain, deformation temperature, strain rate, and deformation mode (stress state). For instance, the effect of initial grain size is found to be complicated, especially in the ultrafine grained (UFG) regime. Furthermore, it seems that there is a critical grain size for changing the trend of α′-martensite formation. Decreasing the deformation temperature motivates the formation of α′-martensite, but there is a critical temperature for achieving the maximum tensile ductility. Afterwards, the modeling techniques for the transformation kinetics and the contribution of deformation-induced martensitic transformation to the strengthening of material and also strength-ductility trade-off are critically surveyed. The processing of UFG microstructure during reversion annealing, the effects of the recrystallization of the retained austenite, the martensitic shear and diffusional reversion mechanisms, and the annealing-induced martensitic transformation are also summarized. Accordingly, this overview presents the opportunities that the strain-induced martensitic transformation can offer for controlling the microstructure and mechanical properties of metastable austenitic stainless steels.

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Section: Diffraction Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Diffraction Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Measuring Martensite Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Deformation-induced martensite in austenitic stainless steels: A review

Sohrabi

Naghizadeh

Mirzadeh

2020

Archiv.Civ.Mech.Eng

161

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“…Ferrite and austenite volume fractions could be calculated by two different methods:  Method 1: volume fraction of phases was obtained by analysis of peak intensity of the existing phases, using equation 1.  Method 2: the volume fraction of the phases were determined by the method described by Moser et al [8], using equation 2.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The area of each peak for the ferrite and austenite phases (Sα e Sγ) can be calculated by multiplying the peak intensity value by the Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of each individual peak [7]. The other way to determine phase content from XRD tests is described in Moser et al, 2014 [8]. The quantitative estimation is based on the use of internal ratios.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Ferrite Quantification Methods Applied to Duplex Stainless Steels

Júnior¹,

Otubo²,

Magnabosco³

2018

ABM Proceedings

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Three techniques for ferrite quantification were applied in a duplex stainless steel UNS S31803 solution treated at three different temperatures, 1000, 1100 and 1200°C, in order to verify their compliance with the results from ThermoCalc® prediction. It is verified that only austenite and ferrite phases are present in the samples and that an increasing in solution treatment temperature led to the increase of the volume fraction of ferrite. It is also observed that quantitative stereology technique shows absolute values closer to ThermoCalc® predictions. On the other hand, measurements by ferritoscope and XRD show significant deviations, probably due to texturing effect imposed by the rolling process.

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Yielding Behavior and Strengthening Mechanisms of a High Strength Ultrafine‐Grained Cr–Mn–Ni–N Stainless Steel

Xie

Huo

et al. 2021

steel research int.

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The microstructure of Cr–Mn–Ni–N stainless steel is regulated by a combination of cold deformation and subsequent martensite reversed annealing. The yield strength and tensile strength of the tested steel are greatly improved to 1220 and 1357 MPa, respectively, by conventional heavy cold rolling (66% thickness reduction) and a subsequent annealing process (750 °C for 5 min) relative to those before cold rolling (austenized state); at the same time, the total elongation keeps an appropriate value. The results show that the grain refinement strengthening acts as the primary factor for the strengthening of the tested steels while the precipitation behavior from the M23C6‐type carbides is not quite effective. Additionally, different yield phenomena and microstructural evolution for tested steels with 66% thickness reduction annealed at 750 °C with different holding times are systematically analyzed and discussed. Lüders‐like deformation features noticeably appear but become weakening with the longer annealing time. The change in initial free mobile dislocation density is the core cause of the preyield plateau phenomenon.

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Martensite Formation in Conventional and Isothermal Tension of 304 Austenitic Stainless Steel Measured by X-ray Diffraction

Cited by 48 publications

References 18 publications

Deformation-induced martensite in austenitic stainless steels: A review

Deformation-induced martensite in austenitic stainless steels: A review

Evaluation of Ferrite Quantification Methods Applied to Duplex Stainless Steels

Yielding Behavior and Strengthening Mechanisms of a High Strength Ultrafine‐Grained Cr–Mn–Ni–N Stainless Steel

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