Mars Climate Sounder: An investigation of thermal and water vapor structure, dust and condensate distributions in the atmosphere, and energy balance of the polar regions

McCleese, D. J.; Schofield, J. T.; Taylor, F. W.; Calcutt, S. B.; Foote, M. C.; Kass, D. M.; Leovy, Conway Β.; Paige, D. A.; Read, P. L.; Zurek, Richard W.

doi:10.1029/2006je002790

Cited by 250 publications

(215 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…TES observes mostly in nadir viewing mode in a sun-synchronous orbit that provides twice-daily temperature observations (2 am and 2 pm local solar time, LT), resulting in atmospheric soundings from 0 to 35 km (surface to 10 Pa) with a vertical resolution of Â10 km ). More recently, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) (McCleese et al, 2007) has provided considerable additional insights to Martian thermal structure (e.g. Lee et al, 2009;Guzewich et al, 2012;Kleinbo¨hl et al, 2013); in this study we focus on TES, reserving results using MCS for a future publication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The resulting Mars Analysis Correction Data Assimilation (MACDA) provides a multi-year reanalysis spanning almost three complete Martian seasonal cycles (Montabone et al, 2012). An advanced version assimilating both MGS TES and MRO MCS (McCleese et al, 2007) profiles into the UK-LMD-MGCM provided the first results of a complete assimilation of both datasets , covering almost six complete Mars years (MY), and allowing for the study of the interannual variability of the Martian weather and climate with respect to its components including the thermal tides. Hunt et al (2007) developed the local ensemble transform Kalman filter (LETKF) system, an advanced data assimilation system that has been successfully tested in the terrestrial data assimilation (Miyoshi and Yamane, 2007;Szunyogh et al, 2008;Miyoshi et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of assimilation window length on diurnal features in a Mars atmospheric analysis

Zhao¹,

Greybush²,

Wilson³

et al. 2015

Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography

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A B S T R A C T Effective simulation of diurnal variability is an important aspect of many geophysical data assimilation systems. For the Martian atmosphere, thermal tides are particularly prominent and contribute much to the Martian atmospheric circulation, dynamics and dust transport. To study the Mars diurnal variability and Mars thermal tides, the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Mars Global Climate Model with the 4D-local ensemble transform Kalman filter (4D-LETKF) is used to perform an analysis assimilating spacecraft temperature retrievals. We find that the use of a 'traditional' 6-hr assimilation cycle induces spurious forcing of a resonantly enhanced semi-diurnal Kelvin waves represented in both surface pressure and mid-level temperature by forming a wave 4 pattern in the diurnal averaged analysis increment that acts as a 'topographic' stationary forcing. Different assimilation window lengths in the 4D-LETKF are introduced to remove the artificially induced resonance. It is found that short assimilation window lengths not only remove the spurious resonance, but also push the migrating semi-diurnal temperature variation at 50 Pa closer to the estimated 'true' tides even in the absence of a radiatively active water ice cloud parameterisation. In order to compare the performance of different assimilation window lengths, short-term to mid-range forecasts based on the hour 00 and 12 assimilation are evaluated and compared. Results show that during Northern Hemisphere summer, it is not the assimilation window length, but the radiatively active water ice clouds that influence the model prediction. A 'diurnal bias correction' that includes bias correction fields dependent on the local time is shown to effectively reduce the forecast root mean square differences between forecasts and observations, compensate for the absence of water ice cloud parameterisation and enhance Martian atmosphere prediction. The implications of these results for data assimilation in the Earth's atmosphere are discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of assimilation window length on diurnal features in a Mars atmospheric analysis

Zhao¹,

Greybush²,

Wilson³

et al. 2015

Tellus A: Dynamic Meteorology and Oceanography

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“…1). In this sense it is very similar to the Mars Climate Sounder (McCleese et al, 2007) and the Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment (Paige et al, 2010), which use uncooled thermal sensors to probe radiation in the FIR. The FIRR sensor is a 2-D array of uncooled microbolometers coated with gold black (Ngo Phong et al, 2015), and radiometric calibration is achieved with two reference blackbodies (BB) at distinct temperatures.…”

Section: The Far-infrared Radiometermentioning

confidence: 96%

Airborne observations of far-infrared upwelling radiance in the Arctic

Libois¹,

Ivanescu

Blanchet³

et al. 2016

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. The first airborne measurements of the FarInfraRed Radiometer (FIRR) were performed in April 2015 during the panarctic NETCARE campaign. Vertical profiles of spectral upwelling radiance in the range 8-50 µm were measured in clear and cloudy conditions from the surface up to 6 km. The clear sky profiles highlight the strong dependence of radiative fluxes to the temperature inversion typical of the Arctic. Measurements acquired for total column water vapour from 1.5 to 10.5 mm also underline the sensitivity of the far-infrared greenhouse effect to specific humidity. The cloudy cases show that optically thin ice clouds increase the cooling rate of the atmosphere, making them important pieces of the Arctic energy balance. One such cloud exhibited a very complex spatial structure, characterized by large horizontal heterogeneities at the kilometre scale. This emphasizes the difficulty of obtaining representative cloud observations with airborne measurements but also points out how challenging it is to model polar clouds radiative effects. These radiance measurements were successfully compared to simulations, suggesting that state-of-the-art radiative transfer models are suited to study the cold and dry Arctic atmosphere. Although FIRR in situ performances compare well to its laboratory performances, complementary simulations show that upgrading the FIRR radiometric resolution would greatly increase its sensitivity to atmospheric and cloud properties. Improved instrument temperature stability in flight and expected technological progress should help meet this objective. The campaign overall highlights the potential for airborne far-infrared radiometry and constitutes a relevant reference for future similar studies dedicated to the Arctic and for the development of spaceborne instruments.

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“…7) is largely identical to the MRO MCS instrument described previously (McCleese et al 2007). Key instrument specifications are listed in Table 1.…”

Section: Instrument Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At this same time, an instrument that possessed these same characteristics, the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS), was being integrated and tested for the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) mission at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). MCS was developed primarily as an atmospheric sounder, designed to scan the limb of Mars to obtain vertical profiles of temperature, dust and water vapor (McCleese et al 2007). Like the earliest ground based infrared observers and the Apollo ISR, MCS employed un-cooled thermopile detectors that were coupled to a set of nine spectral filters that spanned a wavelength range from 0.3 to 50 µm.…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment

et al. 2009

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The Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment on NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter will be the first instrument to systematically map the global thermal state of the Moon and its diurnal and seasonal variability. Diviner will measure reflected solar and emitted infrared radiation in nine spectral channels with wavelengths ranging from 0.3 to 400 microns. The resulting measurements will enable characterization of the lunar thermal environment, mapping surface properties such as thermal inertia, rock abundance and silicate mineralogy, and determination of the locations and temperatures of volatile cold traps in the lunar polar regions.

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Mars Climate Sounder: An investigation of thermal and water vapor structure, dust and condensate distributions in the atmosphere, and energy balance of the polar regions

Cited by 250 publications

References 55 publications

Impact of assimilation window length on diurnal features in a Mars atmospheric analysis

Impact of assimilation window length on diurnal features in a Mars atmospheric analysis

Airborne observations of far-infrared upwelling radiance in the Arctic

The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment

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