“…Thus, by the early nineteenth century, imperial policymakers were promoting human rights (moral progress) by promoting the reform of Hinduism in India (e.g., British collaboration with the reformers Ram Mohan Roy, Justice Ranade, and Keshab Chandra Sen to ban/restrict Hindu widow‐burning and child marriage) (Heimsath, 1964; Jones, 1989, esp. 30–39; Stevens, 2016). By the mid‐nineteenth century, imperial policymakers were doing likewise with Islam, offering encouragement and support to indigenous Muslim reform movements (Blunt, 1882; Lelyveld, 1978; Nakissa, 2022; Snouck Hurgronje, 1916, pp.…”