Marketing Wildlife: The Hudson's Bay Company and the Pacific Northwest, 1821–49

Hammond, Lorne

doi:10.2307/3983815

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The pelts were to be sold to offset the cost of hunting them, but to judge by the numbers gathered the effort cannot have made much impact. Wolf skins (five) appeared for the first time in HBC accounts for 1827, rising to 468 in 183 1, after which the Company started sending shipments of strychnine for sale to settlers (Hammond, 1993). The use of strychnine later became fairly widespread amongst trappers.…”

Section: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of mammalian predators in game management and conservation

1996

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Wildlife management in modern environments has to contend with an inheritance of faunal and landscape changes caused by humans which affect the relationships between predatory and prey species. In both game management for harvesting, and in species preservation, this leads to difficult decisions about whether and how to manage predation. Predator control by humans is as old as livestock husbandry. The deliberate, often organized, destruction of many mammalian predator species has been a feature of human development in Europe ‐ and later in countries to which Europeans spread ‐ for centuries. Destruction to the point of extinction was practised for a number of reasons (self‐protection, protection of domestic stock, protection of wild game, fur, adventure, sport) which were rarely distinguished. Reduction of predator numbers specifically to allow an increased harvest of some game species was mainly a nineteenth century development, while the adoption of predator control to benefit endangered species for their own sake belongs to recent decades. We review scientific literature relevant to predator control in game management and in conservation. Understanding of the role of predation in prey population dynamics has changed considerably during the last 20 years, and predation is now credited with a much more powerful role than in the past. Increasingly it becomes possible not merely to understand what predator control achieves, but to predict when it might be valuable in management, and what strategy will best achieve the aims. Examples of conservation problems involving predation illustrate the complexity of decision‐making in management. Because of habitat loss, habitat degradation, altered predator communities, or altered predator‐prey ratios, predation losses often have increased significance in modern environments. Novel approaches potentially offer non‐lethal ways to manage mammalian predators. However, most are still in an exploratory phase and there have been no unqualified successes. The best tested approach, excluding predators from small areas by fencing, is discussed. In Britain, predator control to benefit small game populations and allow harvesting has been practised for nearly 200 years, and has undoubtedly played a role in shaping the present‐day fauna. Although earlier gamekeeping severely reduced the geographical range of several mammalian (and avian) predator species, nowadays predator control is subject to legal restrictions based on species' conservation status and humaneness. However, illegal persecution of species protected by law remains a persistent and significant conservation problem. The predator species legitimately targeted are successful, common and increasing in the modem environment, while wild populations of gamebirds and many other ground‐nesting birds are declining seriously in most areas.

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Section: Historical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of mammalian predators in game management and conservation

1996

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“…With the establishment of Fort Vancouver the tide of commerce moved away from coastal Fort George and the diminishing fur and Indian trades, and toward permanent and stable agricultural development (Schenk 1932;Hammond 1993). The move was motivated by the desire to decrease reliance on costly imports and the choice of location was influenced by the good soil and a long growing season on the Columbia, important to the cultivation of crops and livestock (Gailbraith 1957).…”

Section: Fort Vancouvermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There has been a large amount of scholarship on the corporate policies of the Hudson's Bay Company and its status as a capitalist entity (Wilkes 1856;Shenk 1932;MacKay 1938;Galbraith 1951;Rich 1959;Bryce 1968;Williams 1970;Goldring 1979Goldring , 1980Carlos 1981;Carlos and Hoffman 1986;Carlos andNicholas 1988, 1990;Hammond 1993;Burley 1997;Mackie 1997;Hamilton 2000 …”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Early traders attempted to create a market and demand for many products that were plentiful in North America, speculating on any product that might make a profit, including bed feathers, whale fins, goose quills, deer horns, fish and whale oil and walrus tusks (Mackay 1938;Hammond 1993).…”

Section: Establishment and Early Growth Of The Hudson's Bay Companymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The HBC carefully cultivated the appearance of the fort, the buildings therein and its garden, creating a disparity between the wild land surrounding the fort, and the ordered environment within its influence, that naturalized the ways in which the European capitalists had exploited the landscape of North America throughout the previous centuries in order to amass financial and political gains (Carlos 1988(Carlos , 1990Hammond 1993). Examination of the English garden at the fort recalls Leone's study of the ways in which the layout of the city underscored the ideology of individualism that masked the realities of inequality throughout it (Leone 1984(Leone , 1987(Leone , 1988(Leone , 2005Leone et al 1989Leone et al , 2005.…”

Section: At Fort Vancouver the Hbc Also Established And Supported Thementioning

confidence: 99%

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An Archaeology of Capitalism: Exploring Ideology through Ceramics from the Fort Vancouver and Village Sites

Holschuh¹

2000

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The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), a mercantile venture that was founded by royal charter in 1670, conceived, constructed and ran Fort Vancouver as its economic center in the Pacific Northwest, a colonial outpost at the edge of the company's holdings in North America. Research into the history of the HBC revealed that the company was motivated by mercantile interests, and that Fort Vancouver operated under feudal land policies while steadily adopting a hierarchical structure. Following this model, this study analyzed six assemblages for the presence of matched sets of ceramic tablewares using the diversity measures of richness and evenness. The results of this analysis for five assemblages from households in the Village were then compared to those expected for a model assemblage that was inferred to represent the ultimate model of participation in and dissemination of the same ideals of segmentation and division: that recovered from the Chief Factor's House within the fort.ii Documentary research confirmed that ideology was used to indoctrinate workers into the unique relations of production at Fort Vancouver however it was an ideology of paternal allegiance to the company rather than one of possessive individualism, as in Annapolis. At Fort Vancouver the notion of individuality was subtly downplayed in favor of one that addressed the company's responsibility to its workers and encouraged them to view its hierarchy, which was reinforced spatially, socially and economically, as natural.Analysis of the archaeological assemblages revealed that it is unlikely that the Village assemblages are comprised of complete sets of matching ceramicwares. The lack of these sets is likely the result of the multivalent nature of the economic system at the fort and its distinct ideology of paternalism, as well as the diverse backgrounds and outlooks of the Village occupants themselves, who appear to have purchased and used these European ceramics in unique ways.iii Acknowledgements

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Imperial science: a naturalist in the Pacific Northwest

Schefke¹

2008

Endeavour

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Marketing Wildlife: The Hudson's Bay Company and the Pacific Northwest, 1821–49

Cited by 6 publications

References 5 publications

Control of mammalian predators in game management and conservation

Control of mammalian predators in game management and conservation

An Archaeology of Capitalism: Exploring Ideology through Ceramics from the Fort Vancouver and Village Sites

Imperial science: a naturalist in the Pacific Northwest

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